举国上下正在为迎接北京2008夏季奥林匹克运动会的到来而紧张备战，奥运会结束之后在9月6日至17日还将举行残奥会。在此之前，上海于2007年10月举办了世界特奥会。残奥会和特奥会与奥运会之间又有什么关系呢？其英文表达又分别是什么呢？

残奥会是残疾人奥林匹克运动会的简称,是优秀残疾人运动员追求运动生涯顶峰的运动会。它是世界上大规模的综合性运动会。1988年起，残奥会首次由夏季奥运会主办城市在奥运会结束之后举办。1992年起，冬季奥运会主办城市也同时举办冬季残奥会。2001年6月9日,国际奥林匹克委员会和国际残疾人奥委会达成正式协议,规定今后残奥会和奥运会在同年、同地举行。

残奥会在英文中的说法是Paralympics 或the Paralympic Games，对于Paralympic的来历，目前的解释说法不一。一种解释称，Paralympic 原是为“脊髓病患者”举行的运动会，而paralympic由希腊语词缀para-（在……一旁，在……旁边）和-(O)lympic（奥林匹克）合成而来，它延续了奥林匹克团结友爱、公平竞争的精神，同时又充分表达了奥运会和残奥会平等共存的关系。还有一种理解认为，Paralympics代表了与Olympics平行、同在（Parallel）。不过，著名的网络百科全书维基百科的解释是：The name derives from the Greek "para" ("beside" or "alongside") and thus refers to a competition held in parallel with the Olympic Games. No relation with paralysis（瘫痪）or paraplegia（截瘫）is intended。不过，就残奥会来历来说，它还是与瘫痪患者密切相关的。资料记载如下：Sir Ludwig Guttmann organized a sports competition in 1948 which became known as the Stoke Mandeville Games, involving World War II veterans with spinal cord injuries; in 1952 competitors from the Netherlands took part in the competition, giving an international notion to the movement. The first Olympic-style games for athletes with a disability were held in Rome in 1960; officially called the 9th Annual International Stoke Mandeville Games, these are considered to be the first Paralympic Games. The first Winter Paralympics were held in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden in 1976.

残奥会顾名思义就是专门面向残疾人的奥运会，因此，其英文表达又可以为the Olympic Games for the disabled/handicapped，其通俗易懂性超过了the Paralympic Games，后者显得更为专业或专门。维基百科对残奥会有一个十分地道的解释：The Paralympic Games are a multi-sport event for athletes with physical, mental and sensorial disabilities. This includes mobility disabilities, amputees, visual disabilities and those with cerebral palsy. The Paralympic Games are held every four years, following the Olympic Games, and are governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). 由此可见，残奥会针对的主要是肢体和感官残疾者，智力残疾者也并非不可以参加。

不过，智力残疾者也有一个专门的奥运会，这就是世界特殊奥林匹克运动员，其英文表达为Special Olympics，官方网站是www.specialolympics.org。 有人往往把残奥会和特殊奥运会(简称特奥会)混为一谈。其实,特奥会是专为智障人士设立的。 对此，维基百科也解释说，The Paralympic Games are sometimes confused with the Special Olympics World Games, which are only for people with intellectual disabilities.由此可见，特奥会是专门针对智力残疾者（智障人士）的奥运会，虽然根据残奥会的英文解释，他们也可以参加残奥会，但现在随着两大赛事的日益完善，肢体残疾和智力残疾者（智障人士）分别参加残奥会和特奥会已经成为得到广泛公认的事实。国际特奥会对其性质的官方定义是：Special Olympics is an international nonprofit organization dedicated to empowering individuals with intellectual disabilities to become physically fit, productive and respected members of society through sports training and competition.

在此顺便说一下，智力残疾及其中英文表达经历了一个逐渐变化的过程，在过去，智力残疾在中文中曾被称为弱智，就如同残疾曾被称为残废一样，而现在通行的说法则是智障人士。这一变化反映了社会的进步，文明的发展，尤其是对智障人士的人权和人格尊严的尊重。在英文中，其相应说法过去叫做mentally retarded，相当于“弱智”，后来又有mentally handicapped/disabled，等于是“智力残疾”，而现在的最新说法是intellectual disabilities，这一最新说法不但同样体现了对这个特殊群体的尊重，同时也涵盖了更多的内容，因为相当多的智障人士的残疾程度是较轻的。

特奥会的创办离不开一位出生名门的热心肠女士，她就是美国前总统约翰•肯尼迪的妹妹尤妮丝•肯尼迪，在出嫁之后她的姓名变成了尤妮丝•肯尼迪•施莱佛（Eunice Kennedy Shriver）。1962年，她冲破社会的偏见，在报纸上公开了家里“有个智障妹妹”罗斯玛丽的秘密。她还惊讶地发现，智障人士的体育运动能力超过许多人的想像。1962年6月，尤尼斯•肯尼迪•施莱佛女士在她的家乡马里兰州为一些智障儿童和成人举办了一次夏令营活动，萌发了创办特奥运动的想法。1968年７月20日，施莱佛女士于美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥市的士兵广场举办了首届世界夏季特殊奥运会。1977年2月，第一届世界冬季特殊奥运会在美国科罗拉多州举行。1988年2月，国际奥委会签署历史性协议，正式承认并接纳国际特奥会，授权其可在全球范围内使用“奥林匹克”名义独立开展体育运动。到2007年的上海特奥会，夏季特奥会以每4年一届的速度举办了12届。前十届均在美国举办，第十一届在爱尔兰举办，第十二届就是上海特奥会。尤妮丝•肯尼迪•施莱佛现为国际特奥会组织的名誉主席，而现任主席则是她儿子蒂姆•施莱佛（Timothy Shriver）。

 

 

Wheelchair Basketball 轮椅篮球

Every team is comprised of five players and seven substitutes. The match consists of four periods of ten minutes. After the first and the third period there is an interval of one minute. There is a 15-minute interval between the second and third period. If the score is tied at the end of playing time for the fourth period, the match will be continued with an extra period of five minutes or with as many such periods of five minutes as are necessary to break the tie.

参加轮椅篮球的每只队伍，场上有5名运动员，另有7名替补。每场比赛共4节，每节10分钟，第二场结束后，中场休息15分钟。根据运动员在投篮、传球、抢篮板球、带球、移动轮椅时躯干的活动能力不同，分为1 , 1.5 , 2 , 2.5 , 3 , 3.5 , 4 , 4.5共8个分值。

Wheelchair Fencing 轮椅击剑

In the able-bodied sport of Fencing, two fencers compete on a 14-metre strip. In Wheelchair Fencing, the competition is static. The wheelchairs are fixed in place to the ground by metal frames and the chair is preferably clamped to both sides of the frame to keep the chair from tipping. The fencer with the shortest arms decides if the playing area will be at his distance or that of his opponent. One hand holds the fencing weapon and the other is used to hold onto the chair when lunging and recovering.

男子有花剑、重剑、佩剑三个剑种，女子只有花剑和重剑两个剑种。比赛包括个人赛和团体赛，团体比赛每队有3名运动员参加，其中至少有1名B级的运动员（躯干活动度和持剑手有严重功能障碍的运动员）。

Wheelchair Rugby 轮椅橄榄球

Wheelchair Rugby is a unique sport combining some elements of Basketball, Handball, and Ice Hockey. The object of the game is to carry the ball across the opposing team's goal line. Two wheels must cross the goal line for a goal to count, and the player must have firm control of the ball when he or she crosses the line.

轮椅橄榄球的规则结合了篮球、橄榄球和冰球等项目的特点而制定。每个球队最多12名参赛队员，每队同一时间场上队员不超过4名。上场4名队员伤残分值之和不能超过8分。

轮椅橄榄球运动是一个特殊的集体球类项目。比赛中允许男、女混合组队参加，但每个国家和地区只能有一支球队，男、女运动员可以同场竞技，不再设置男子组、女子组，所以比赛项目只有一个大项。

Wheelchair Tennis 轮椅网球

Wheelchair Tennis appeared for the first time on the Paralympic Programme in Barcelona in 1992. It originated from the USA in the 1970s and continues to develop a strong following of players and fans internationally. The game follows able-bodied Tennis rules and athletes must have high levels of skill, fitness and strategy. The only difference in Wheelchair Tennis competitions is that the ball is allowed to bounce two times - the first bounce being within the bounds of the court.

轮椅网球运动1976年由美国人发起。1988年成立国际轮椅网球联合会(IWTF)。1988年第八届韩国汉城残奥会上轮椅网球首次成为表演项目，从1992年第九届西班牙巴塞罗那残奥会起正式作为比赛项目。

残奥会轮椅网球项目规则与奥运会网球规则基本相同。轮椅网球有特殊规定：允许网球在被回击前有两次反弹(如果接一次反弹球，该球必须是在场地界内弹起；如果是接两次反弹球，该球在被击回前的第二次反弹既可在界内，也可在界外。

Football 5-a-Side 5人制足球

Every Football match is played between two teams with four blind athletes and one sighted or visually impaired goalkeeper on the field as well as five substitutes. Additionally, each team has a guide behind the opponent's goal to direct the players when they shoot.

残奥会5人制（盲人）足球专为视力残疾的运动员设立。该项目根据运动员视力伤残程度被分为B1、B2、B3三个级别，上场的5人中4人属于B1级，而守门员为B2级或B3级运动员，也可以是健全运动员。参赛队由5名场上队员和5名替补队员组成，其中包括守门员和替补守门员各1名。

Football 7-a-Side 7人制足球

Every Football match is played between two teams with seven players on each side, including the goalkeeper. Each team consists of 12 players with three substitutions allowed during each match. A match cannot continue with fewer than four athletes on the field.

参加残奥会7人制足球的各队包括守门员在内共7个人在场上比赛，每队有3名替补。

Goalball 盲人门球

A game of Goalball is played by two teams of three players with a maximum of three substitutes on each team. Competition is divided into men's and women's divisions.

盲人门球运动员在比赛时不允许戴眼镜或隐形眼镜。上场运动员一律戴黑眼罩参加比赛。参赛队由3名场上队员和3名替补队员组成。

Judo 柔道

The sport is open to athletes with blindness/visual impairment in several weight categories.The contest lasts five minutes, for both men and women and the winner is the athlete who scores an ippon or who scores the greater number of points. The sport is governed by the International Blind Sports Federation (IBSF) and follows the International Judo Federation (IJF) rules used at other top-level, able-bodied judo events, with slight modifications for athletes with a visual impairment, which allow them contact with their opponent before the start of the match.

残奥会盲人柔道是专门为视力障碍运动员所设立的运动项目。根据运动员视力损伤程度分为3个级别，共同参加比赛。参赛的视力障碍运动员，最低标准应符合最佳已矫正视力低于0.1或视野小于20度。

Powerlifting 力举

Athletes with a minimum disability must be at least 14 years of age and must have the ability to fully extend the arms with no more than a 20-degree loss of full extension on either elbow when making an approved lift according to the rules for their bodyweight.

参加残奥会力举比赛的运动员，以下肢残疾为主，必须达到截肢、脑瘫及其他肢体残疾的最低分级标准，才能具备参赛资格。

Rowing 皮划艇

Rowing is the youngest sport in the Paralympic Games. It was introduced to the Paralympic Programme in 2005 and will hold its first Paralympic competitions at the Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games.

在今年的北京残奥会上，皮划艇首次被列为比赛项目。

北京残奥会的比赛项目有20个大项，即射箭、田径、硬地滚球、自行车、马术、5人制足球、7人制足球、盲人门球、盲人柔道、举重、赛艇、帆船、射击、游泳、乒乓球、坐式排球、轮椅击剑、轮椅篮球、轮椅橄榄球和轮椅网球。根据残奥会规则，所有项目将根据运动员的残疾类别和残疾程度进行分级，共设471枚金牌，以保证体育的公平竞争和比赛安全。以下是北京残奥会20个大项的双语介绍：

Archery 射箭

In general outdoor archery competitions, the target is placed at different distances ranging from 30 meters to 90 meters, however in Paralympic competition only a 70 meter distance is used. In indoor competitions, the distances are 18 meters and 25 meters. The size of the target also varies with the distance. At the longer distances, it has a diameter of 122cm while at the 18 meter distance it is only 40cm.The archery classification system is divided into three different classes: ARST, ARW1 and ARW2.

参加残奥会射箭比赛的选手为肢体残疾的运动员。射箭项目根据运动员上下肢和躯干的功能进行分级，站姿称为ARST级；坐姿组为：ARW1级和ARW2级。一般的室外射箭比赛，箭靶距离从30米至90米不等。但是残奥会射箭比赛只设70米靶，分为站姿和坐姿两个组别，包括个人赛和团体赛。

Athletics 田径

The competition programme includes Track and Field events, Throwing and Jumping events, the Marathon and Pentathlon. It involves the largest number of male and female athletes and the largest number of events.

残奥会田径比赛项目包括径赛、田赛、马拉松和五项全能四大类。田径比赛项目的最多的，参加田径比赛的男女运动员人数也是最多的。

Boccia 硬地滚球

A match consists of four ends in the individuals and pairs competitions and of six ends in the team division. Each end continues until both teams have played all of their balls.The match is started by throwing the white target ball or the "jack" into the playing area. The same player also rolls the first Boccia ball as close as possible to the jack. The athletes use their hands, feet or an assistive device where required, to propel the balls. Thereafter the opposing team throws until they get a ball closer to the jack or until they have thrown all of their team's balls. Play then returns to the first team. The end continues in this manner until both teams have thrown all of their balls.

硬地滚球比赛时运动员须坐在轮椅上进行投球，得分以投出的球距目标球的距离计算，累积分最高者获胜。单打与双打比赛每场4局，每局单打每个选手投6个球，双打每个选手投3个球。团体比赛共有6局，每局每队3名队员各投2个球。当参赛者因严重的运动能力障碍影响到四肢时，可使用脚或辅助装置将球推出。投球时，辅助设备不得超过投掷线，臀部不能离开轮椅，否则判为罚分或被取消投掷球。

Cycling 自行车

Athletes with cerebral palsy compete on road and track using standard racing bicycles. Athletes with balance difficulties compete on tricycles, but only in Road events. Athletes with a visual impairment compete on tandem bicycles, both Road and Track, with a sighted pilot. Amputees and riders with other permanent physical disabilities, compete on Road and Track, using standard racing bicycles. Athletes who are wheelchair users and are unable to ride a standard racing bicycle, or tricycle, due to severe lower limb disabilities, compete in Road events using three-wheeled handcycles. For all classes, approved disability specific adaptations are permitted, if necessary for the improvement of safety.

残奥会自行车比赛分为场地赛和公路赛。场地赛包括计时赛、追逐赛、争先赛和团体竞速赛；公路赛包括个人计时赛和长距离个人赛（集体出发）。

Equestrian 马术

In official competitions, Dressage riders compete in two types of competition:

Championship Test: Competitors perform set movements as defined by the IPEC. Freestyle Test (also known as a Kur): Riders create their own pattern of movements called a floor plan. The plan has to incorporate compulsory movements as defined by the IPEC. The test is ridden to music that the rider chooses to match and enhance the paces of the horse. The test should clearly show the unity between rider and horse as well as rhythm and harmony in all the movements and transitions.

残奥会马术比赛分为个人赛和团体赛，包括个人锦标赛比赛和盛装舞步比赛。个人赛分四个等级，团体赛无等级差别。

No other sporting event captures the world's imagination like the FIFA World Cup ？。 Ever since the first tentative competition in Uruguay in 1930， FIFA's flagship has constantly grown in popularity and prestige.

　　没有任何一项赛事可以像FIFA世界杯这样神奇。

　　自从第一界比赛于1930年在乌拉圭举办之后，国际足联就成了一种时尚并随着成长

　　威望不断提升。

　　Jules Rimet

　　雷米特。朱尔斯

　　（Copyright FIFA）

　　FIFA版权所有人

　　A group of visionary French football administrators， led in the 1920s by the innovative Jules Rimet， are credited with the original idea of bringing the world's strongest national football teams together to compete for the title of World Champions. The original gold trophy bore Jules Rimet's name and was contested three times in the 1930s， before the Second World War put a 12-year stop to the competition.

　　19世纪20年代创新主义者雷米特领导了一群充满幻想的法国足球管理员，提出了将世界最强的国家队聚集到一起为世界足球冠军而比赛的最原始的意念。最初的冠军金杯由雷米特。朱尔斯的名字命名，并在19世纪30年代举行了三次。二战之前，此赛事被停办了12年。

　　When it resumed， the FIFA World Cup？ rapidly advanced to its undisputed status as the greatest single sporting event of the modern world. Held since 1958 alternately in Europe and the Americas， the World Cup broke new ground with the Executive Committee's decision in May 1996 to select Korea and Japan as co-hosts for the 2002 edition.

　　当世界杯赛事再次举办时，FIFA世界杯就迅猛的以其无可异议的地位成为了当今世界最专业的体育赛事。自从1958年在欧洲和美洲交替举办后，1996年五月当国际足联执行委员会选择韩国和日本作为2002年世界杯的举办国后，世界杯又开创了一个新的区域。

　　Since 1930， the 16 tournaments have seen only seven different winners. However， the FIFA World Cup？ has also been punctuated by dramatic upsets that have helped create footballing history - the United States defeating England in 1950， North Korea's defeat of Italy in 1966， Cameroon's emergence in the 1980s and their opening match defeat of the Argentinean cup-holders in 1990……

　　自从1930年以来，16界世界杯的冠军得主只有7个国家队，然而，世界杯冠军队同时也不断的戏剧性的被打破，从而开创了足球又一个历史-1950年，美国打败英格兰，1966年北韩打败意大利，19世纪80年代，喀麦隆的出现更是开创了一个新的比赛记录，1990年喀麦隆打败世界冠军得主阿根廷队。

　　Today， the FIFA World Cup？ holds the entire global public under its spell. An accumulated audience of over 37 billion people watched the France 98 tournament， including approximately 1.3 billion for the final alone， while over 2.7 million people flocked to watch the 64 matches in the French stadia.

　　现在，FIFA世界杯在他的魅力影响下吸引了全球所有大众。98年法国世界杯，观众超过了370亿，包括决赛单独就大约有13亿，同时有超过270万的人聚集在法国的屏幕观看了64场比赛。

　　After all these years and so many changes， however， the main focus of the FIFA World Cup？ remains the same - the glistening golden trophy， which is the embodiment of every footballer's ambition.

　　在经历了这么多年的发展和改变，然而FIFA世界杯的主旨仍然没有改变，那就是——闪耀的冠军金杯，每个足球选手的雄心的化身。

　　FIFA：federation international de football association.

42.  In America, on meeting and leaving, a hug or a small kiss on the cheek is not appropriate between two men, two women, or men and women who have known each other for a long time? 在美国，见面或离开的时候人们会相互拥抱或亲吻面颊，但这种行为不适合于男子之间，女子之间还是相互认识较长时间的男女之间？

　　A hug or a small kiss on the cheek between two men is not appropriate.

　　男子之间相互拥抱或亲吻面颊不适合。

　　43.  When in groups, do Americans tend to talk with those opposite them or those seated or standing beside them? 一群人在一起时，美国人是倾向于和对面的人交谈还是倾向于和坐在或站在身边的人交谈？

　　They tend to talk with those opposite them. 美国人是倾向于和对面的人交谈。

　　44.  When you are talking with people from Western societies, which part of face should you look at? 和西方人交谈时，你应该看他们脸的哪个部位？

　　You should look at them in the eye. 眼睛。

　　45.  When you have western food, which hand do you use to hold the knife and which hand do you use to hold the fork? 吃西餐时，哪只手拿刀，哪只手拿叉？

　　The right hand is for the knife and the left hand is for the fork. 右手拿刀，左手拿叉。

　　46.  Who, because of religious and social traditions, eat and do other things with the right hand? 什么人由于宗教和社会传统使用右手吃饭，做事？

　　Muslims. 穆斯林。

　　47.  During dinner, if you are mouthful, what should you avoid doing? 用餐时,如果口中有食物,应当避免什么? Talking.说话。

　　48.  Many Chinese like to talk with full-mouth food at table, and how do you like it, especially when you're dining with foreign guests? 许多中国人吃饭时喜欢满嘴食物说话，你认为如何，尤其是与外国客人共餐时？

　　It is a bad manner. 这不礼貌。

　　49.  If the host makes dinner herself, what should the guests do? 如果主人亲自烹调食物,客人应该做什么? Giving complements.给予赞扬。

　　50.  When entertaining a foreign guest, is it good or not for you to do your best to persuade him to drink a lot? 在款待外国客人时，适宜劝酒吗？

　　No. 不适宜。

　　51.  When serving wine, how much should you fill the guests’ glasses? 上酒时，倒多少给客人为宜？

　　Half the glass is okay. 酒杯只倒二分之一满。

　　52.  When drinking with a Korean, what should you pay attention to? 与韩国人喝酒时，应注意什么？

　　The younger should turn to the side when drinking with an old Korean to show his respect. 晚辈跟长辈一起喝酒时，晚辈必须将身子侧向一边喝酒，以示对长辈尊敬。

　　53.  When dining with some friends, you want to add some salt to your food, but the salt bottle is quite far from you, on the other end of the table.What will you do then? 当你与朋友共餐，你想要给食物加盐，但盐瓶放在桌子的另一端，离你较远，你应该怎么办？

　　You may ask someone who is near the bottle to pass it to you with a sentence like “Maggie, would you please pass me the salt?” 请靠近盐瓶的人递给你，可以说类似的句子，如：“Maggie, 能把盐递给我吗？”

　　54.  What is the proper way to eat bread?  吃面包的正确方法是什么？

　　The proper way is to first break it into small pieces and then butter one piece at a time. 吃面包的正确方法是将其掰成小块，然后一次吃一片并涂上黄油。

　　55.  When you drink soup for western food, what is the proper way to use the spoon? 西餐中喝汤时的恰当方法是什么？

　　You should use the spoon to take the soup from the edge of the bowel to the middle, not the other way round. 汤匙由身内向外舀出，并非由外向内。

　　56.  While drinking soup, what should you pay attention to? 喝汤时应当注意什么？

　　Don't make any sound. 不要出声。

　　57.  When eating salad, you should use a spoon or a fork? 吃沙拉时，你应该用勺还是用叉？

　　A fork.叉。

　　58.  After drinking coffee, where should you put the spoon? 喝完咖啡，你应怎样摆放咖啡匙？

　　To place it on the saucer.放在碟子上。

　　59.  Is it appropriate to place your elbows on the dinner table? 将双肘置于餐桌上合适吗？

　　It's appropriate to place your elbows on the table only after dinner when

　　there is no food in front of you. 只有餐后桌上没有食物时方可如此。

　　60.  How to show that you don't want any wine? 如何表明你不需要续酒？

　　A simple “No，thank you.” to your waiter will suffice. 直接告诉侍者无需添酒,并表示感谢。

　　61.  Within how many hours a thanks letter should be sent? 感谢信应在多少小时内发出？

　　24 hours is the rule so that the message is not forgotten. 24小时之内。该原则是为了避免双方忘记此事。

　　62.  How does a good host or hostess normally do to welcome a guest? 主人应如何接待客人？

　　The host should stand up and receive the guest, offer a chair and a cup of coffee. He shouldn't sit down until the guest takes a seat. 主人要起身接待客人，给他让一个座位并且倒上一杯咖啡，在客人落座之前主人不能坐下。

　　63.  When the guest rises to leave, what does the host should do? 当客人起身告辞时，主人需做什么？The host should go with him as far as the door of the house or the elevator.主人需将客人送到门口或者电梯口。

　　64.  When a match comes to the end, how should you leave properly? 比赛即将结束，你应如何正确退场? You should leave after the formal end of the match. 等比赛正式结束后和大家一起退场。

　　65.  If you are late for the performance, and also you find somebody else is sitting on your seat, how should you do politely？看演出时你迟到了，并且发现被人占了座位，你应该怎么办？

　　Find another absent seat in the corner and sit there quietly. 悄悄在边角找个空位坐下。

　　66.  Marathon is a kind of completely outdoor sport, and as an audience, can you offer drinks to the athletes when necessary? 马拉松是一种全程的露天公开比赛中，在观看中你可不可以适时给运动员递水？

　　No.They can only get water at the specified stop. 不可以,运动员只能从已经设置的站点取水。

　　67.  If you are going to enter a formal golf course, can you dress yourself with a T-shirt without collar and short pants? 进入正式的高尔夫球场，适宜穿无领T 恤和短裤吗？

　　No.You should wear long pants. 不适宜，你应该穿长裤。

　　68.  After a celebration of a winning in a match, how should you dispose of the used national flag? 庆祝比赛胜利过后，对于使用过的国旗我们应该如何处理？

　　You should keep it well, for it's the symbolization of the sovereignty of the country. 你应该好好保管它，不要随处乱扔，因为国旗是国家主权的象征。

　　69.  Will the British bar staff be happy if you give them some tip? 如果你给英国酒保小费，他们会开心吗？

　　No. The correct behavīor is to offer them a drink. Pubs pride themselves on their egalitarian atmosphere. A tip in cash would be a reminder of their service role, whereas the offer of a drink is a friendly gesture. 不会。正确的做法是请酒保喝一盅。酒吧为自己的平等气氛感到自豪。现金小费会使人想到酒保是伺候人的，而请喝一杯则是友好的表示。

　　70.  Working in a company, how should you answer the phone call? 在公司工作，你应如何接听电话？

　　You are supposed to say the following first: “Hello, this is XX Company. Is there anything I can help you?” 你应该说：“你好！这里是某某公司，请问有什么可以帮得了你的吗？”

　　71.  When making a phone call, which side should hang up first? 打电话时，应由哪一方先挂断？

　　Generally speaking, the one with higher social status will hang up first. When they share the same social status, the caller hangs up first. 一般来讲，由地位高者首先挂断电话。当地位相同时，则由主叫（打电话给对方的人）先挂。

　　72.  If you have an interview, when should you arrive? 如果你有个面试，何时到达？

　　You'd better arrive ten minutes earlier than the appointed time. 你最好比约定时间提前十分钟到达。

　　73.  If you want to give some flowers to a Japanese friend staying in hospital, what color of flowers shouldn't you buy? 如果你要送花给住院的日本朋友，什么颜色的花不能买？

　　White flowers mean bad luck in Japan. 白色的花在日本表示不吉利。

　　74.  Where are the two suitable places to put your mobile phone? 哪两处是携带手机的合适位置？

　　One is to put it into your briefcase; the other is in your upper pocket.一是公文包里，二是上衣口袋之内。

　　75.  In which public places shouldn't you use your mobile phone?在哪些公共场所不应使用手机？

　　In the hospitals and gas stations.在医院和加油站。

　　Forbidden zone of etiquette礼仪双黄线How to be a welcomed guest？做客之道76. Guests shouldn't keep silent for a long time. 做客不可始终不做声。

　　77. Don't touch or play with precious things without the owner's permission. 未经主人允许，勿要拿起耍弄别人的贵重之物。

　　78. For the first visit, don't stay too long. 初访，不宜久坐。

　　79. Don't often look at your watch. 不要时常看表。

　　Seven DON'Ts during business dinner会议聚餐七不可. 80. Don't stand up when trying to get food. You can ask others to pass the food to you. 取食时不要站起来。拿不到的食物请别人传递。

　　81. Don't refuse to drink when cheers. You can drink a little. 饮酒庆祝是不可不喝，你可以只喝一点点。

　　82. Don't eat a whole fruit. You should cut it into pieces and use a fork to get it. 不可拿着水果整个咬。应先将其切成块, 再用叉子叉着吃。

　　83. Don't leave during the dinner. If it's necessary, you should tell your table neighbors in a low voice. 不可中途退席，如需要离开，应向左右的客人小声打招呼。

　　84. Don't unbutton or take off your clothes. 不可解开钮扣或当众脱衣。

　　85. Don't dress yourself up at the dinner table. 不可在餐桌边化妆。

　　86. Don't use facial tissues to clean your nose. 不可用餐巾擦鼻涕。

　　How to be a civilized audience? 怎样做文明的观众? 87. Arrive at the place and find the seat in advance. If being late, you should

　　wait for the interval. 应提前到场入座, 如迟到, 应等幕间休息入场。

　　88. Never wear a hat or a cap when watching performance. Don't eat nuts or some food which produces noise. 观看演出时, 不戴帽子, 不吃带壳或带响的食品。

　　89. Respect performers. After performance, you are expected to give applause to them to show thanks. 尊重演员，演出结束后，向演员鼓掌表示感谢。

　　What's the etiquette of touring? 旅游观光有什么礼节? 90. Respect the foreign culture. 尊重异域文化。

　　91. Protect the environments and preserve the historical relic. 保护环境，爱护文物。

　　92. Volunteer to give a way among crowded people. 人多时要礼让。

　　93. Don't wear ties and high heels in the scenery spot. 不要打领带，穿高跟鞋。

　　Etiquette of paying bill in the restaurant结账礼仪须知：

　　94. Paying bill in the restaurant is the man's patent. Is that true

　　or false? 结账的工作绝对是男士的专利, 这种观点是否正确？

　　Yes. Whether it's a lady's treat or ‘Going Dutch', the lady should give the money to the man, and then the man pays the bill. 正确。 因为即使是女士请客, 或大家平均分摊消费额，女士亦应将钱交给男士，男士再去结帐。

　　95. On mothers'day, what kind of flowers are usually given by the children to their mothers?

　　母亲节通常送母亲什么花？

　　Carnation. 康乃馨。

　　96. What is the most suitable time to pay a visit to others? 拜访他人应选择什么

　　间? In the afternoon of holidays or after supper in common days.节假日的下午或平日晚饭后。

　　97. What is the best distance when talking with familiar people？与熟人交谈时，应相距多少米左右？

　　About 1 meter. 约1 米。

　　98. How often should a man shave? 男士应多久剔须？

　　Everyday. 每天。

　　99. Which one is the seat of honor when the host drives the car? 如果主人亲自驾驶汽车，哪个座位应为首位？

　　The right one just behind the host. 后排右侧。

　　100. How long is the best time to stay when we pay a common visit to others? 一般性的拜访通常以多久为最佳交往时间？

　　Half an hour. 半小时。

1. What's the “first custom” in the international society?

　　被国际社会公认的“第一礼俗”是什么？

　　“Lady first”.女士优先。

　　2.  What is the “Three A” principle in social communications? 社交中的“三A原则”指的是什么？

　　Accept, Appreciate, Admire接受对方，重视欣赏对方，赞美敬佩对方。

　　3.  What does TOP mean in the international etiquette? 在国际礼仪中，TOP指的是哪三个原则？

　　Time, Objective and Place 时间，目的, 地点。

　　4.  When you are talking with people from western countries, eight topics should be avoided. What are they? 和西方人交谈时，应避免哪八个话题？

　　Age, marital status, salary, experience, address, personal life, religious belief, politics, and opinions about other people.年龄，婚否，收入，经历，住址，个人生活，宗教信仰，政治见解，以及对他人的看法。

　　5.  Which three words are the most common ones in social life? 哪三个词在社交场合最常用？

　　Thanks, Excuse me (sorry), Please. 谢谢，对不起，请。

　　6.  What are the requirements for appearance in social communication occasions? 社交场合的仪容要求是什么？

　　Natural, Harmonious, Beautiful自然，和谐，美观。

　　7.  Could you tell us the general rules for greetings? 打招呼致意的一般规则是什么？

　　* Gentlemen say hello first to ladies. 男性先向女性致意。

　　* Young men say hello first to elderly men. 年轻者先向年长者致意。

　　* The employees say hello to the employers.下级应向上级致意。

　　8.  How would you ask the way politely? 怎样礼貌地问路？

　　The basic principle is: Don't disturb the others. Before you ask the way, you should say hello to him or her politely. At last, you should say thank you.总的原则是不轻易打扰别人。询问之前要热情、礼貌地称呼对方，之后要诚挚道谢。

　　9.  What should be kept in mind for a couple to have a nice marriage? 夫妻间应做到的礼仪要求是什么？

　　Be equal, respect each other, take care each other, forgive each other and understand each other. 夫妻平等、互相尊重、互相关心、互相宽容和相互谅解。

　　10. How to be polite when you watch the sports competition? 观看体育比赛时应遵守哪些礼节？

　　Be polite, be sensible no matter win or lose. Talk politely, wear suitable clothes, and be warm and generous. Don't throw anything.Take care of the public stuff and keep the place clean. 文明观赛事，理智对输赢，语言文明，着装得体，热情大度。不乱抛物，爱护公物和环境卫生。

　　11.  You want to visit a foreign friend, and what will you do first? 你想要拜访一位外国朋友，首先应该怎么做？

　　You'd better make a phone call first to make an appointment. 你最好打电话预约一下。

　　12.  To attend a formal party, how will you dress yourself? 参加正式晚会，应如何着装？

　　An evening dress or a suit 晚装或套装。

　　13.  On formal occasions, how many colors of all your clothes should be? 在正式场合，一个人全身服装的颜色应该多少种？

　　No more than three. 最好不超过三种。

　　14.  On formal occasions, what kind of shoes should a man wear? 在正式场合，男士应穿什么样的鞋？

　　Black leather shoes.黑皮鞋。

　　15.  On formal occasions, can a man match the black shoes with white socks? 在正式场合，男士的黑皮鞋可以和白袜子搭配吗？

　　No, he can't. 不可以。

　　16.  If the suit is buttoned, where should be the stickpin? 西装系着扣时，领带夹应在衬衫的哪两粒钮扣之间？

　　Between the second button and the third button of the shirt.夹在衬衫的第二和第三粒钮扣之间。

　　17.  If the suit is unbuttoned, where should be the stickpin? 西装敞着穿时，领带夹应在衬衫的哪两粒钮扣之间？

　　Between the third button and the fourth button of the shirt.夹在衬衫的第三和第四粒钮扣之间。

　　18.  What kind of jewelry doesn't fit for men on the formal occasions? 一般情况下，男士不应该戴的饰物是什么？

　　Earrings.耳饰。

　　19.  When your foreign friend says, “Your new dress is so beautiful.”what are you supposed to say? 当你的外国朋友对你说：“你的新衣服真漂亮!” 你应该怎么说？

　　You should say, “Thanks, I am glad you like it.” 你应该说：“谢谢，很高兴你喜欢。”

　　20.  If three people, a child, a middle-aged man and an old lady, are walking together, who should walk in the middle? 三人并行,儿童、中年男子、老妇人，谁走中间?

　　The old lady.老妇人。

　　21.  Four persons are walking, how should they go? 四人同行,应该怎样走?

　　Walk in pairs. 两两并行。

　　22.  A man and a woman are walking, on which side should the man walk? 一对男女走在街上,男子应该走哪一侧? The outer side.外侧。

　　23.  When taking a taxi, where should the passenger sit? 乘坐出租车时,乘客应坐在哪? The back row.后排。

　　24.  When taking the escalator, which side should you stand on? 坐手扶电梯时，应站在靠哪边的位置？

　　You should stand on the right side. Leave the left side for someone in rush. 应靠右侧站立，为有急事的人空出左侧通道。

　　25.  In big parties, how do people get to know each other? 在大型聚会上,人们怎样相识? By making self-introduction.通过自我介绍。

　　26.  When making self-introduction, how many minutes should it take? 做自我介绍时，多长时间为宜？

　　Half a minute, no more than one minute.半分钟，不能超过一分钟。

　　27.  When introducing people to each other,in what way is one supposed to do: 如何给朋友作介绍？

　　We should introduce the younger, less- distinguished or male one to the elder, distinguished, or female one first. 先把年轻的介绍给年老的，级别低的介绍给级别高的，男士介绍给女士。

　　28.  When shaking hands, can a man wear gloves? 握手时,男人能带手套吗? No, he can't. 不能。

　　29.  When a man shakes hands with a woman, what's the correct order?

　　男女握手,正确的顺序是什么? The lady gives her hand first. 女士先伸手。

　　30.  When shaking hands with each other, who is supposed to give his or her hand first，the younger one or the elder one? 相互握手时，谁应该先伸手，年轻者还是年长者？

　　The elder one.年老者。

　　31.  In international social life, how should we address a man and a woman? 在国际交往中，对男子和女子的称呼分别是什么？

　　We should address a man as Sir and a woman as Madame, Lady, or Ms. 对男子的称呼是先生；对女子的称呼是夫人或女士。

　　32.  How do you address foreigners? 如何称呼外国人？

　　Generally, to men, you can call him “Mr.” To an unmarried woman, call her “Miss.”no matter how old she is. To a married woman, call her “Mrs.” If you don't know whether she is married or not, call her “Ms.” You can call senior women “Madam.”In later years, “Ms.” has become more and more popular to women. 在涉外交往中，对男子一般称先生。对未婚女子，无论年龄大小，都称小姐。对已婚的女子称太太，对不了解婚姻状况的女子称女士。对地位较高、年龄稍长的已婚女子称夫人。近年来，女士已逐渐成为对女子最常用的称呼。

　　33.  How do Americans address each other in daily life? By first name or by last name? 美国人在日常生活中怎样称呼对方？名还是姓？

　　By first name.名。

　　34.  How do you call a Chinese boy named Robin Zhang? 你如何称呼一个英文名叫Robin且姓“张”的中国男孩？

　　Mr. Zhang or Robin.张先生或 Robin。

　　35.  In America, are business cards exchanged on business occasions or on social occasions? 在美国，交换名片是在商务场合还是社交场合？

　　On business occasions. 商务场合。

　　36.  When exchanging business cards with the guests, what is the preferred action you will take? 交换名片时应注意的礼仪是什么？

　　You should give your card with both hands, with the upper side facing to the receiver. 名片应双手呈递，将正面朝向接受方。

　　37.  What should you do after you take a business card? 接受对方名片后你应该做什么？

　　After you get it, read it carefully before keeping it well.接受名片后要仔细看一遍，再把它放好。

　　38.  If you are invited to dinner in Britain, when should you arrive? 10 minutes

　　earlier, on time or 5- 15 minutes late? 如果在英国你被邀请吃饭，你应该什么时候到？提前10分钟，准时还是迟到5到15分钟？

　　5-15minutes late.迟到5-15分钟。

　　39.  When you visit an English man's home for the first time, what ki

　　nd of gift should you bring? 第一次去英国人家里做客，你应带什么样的礼物？

　　Chocolates or flowers.巧克力或鲜花。

　　40.  When you receive a westerner's gifts, should you open them directly in front of him or after the guests leave? 收到西方人的礼物时，你是应该当面直接打开礼物

　　还是等他离开后再打开? Open the gifts directly in front of him. 当面打开。

　　41.  In western culture, can people touch or kiss a child freely? 在西方文化中，人们能随便触摸或亲吻孩子吗？

　　No. Except the family members or close friends. 不能，除了家庭成员和亲密的朋友以外。

五个福娃：海洋、森林、火焰、土地、天空；繁荣、幸福、热情、健康、好运；总之一句话：北京欢迎您！

　　"We decided to produce five mascots instead of one, because we think no single figure can embody China's profound and diversified culture," said Han Meilin, chief of the mascot designers' group.

　　Each of the Beijing Olympic mascots has a rhyming two-syllable name —— a traditional way of expressing affection for children in China. Beibei is the Fish, Jingjing is the Panda, Huanhuan is the Olympic Flame, Yingying is the Tibetan Antelope and Nini is the Swallow.

　　When these names are put together —— Bei Jing Huan Ying Ni —— they say "Welcome to Beijing".

　　The five elements of nature —— the sea, forest, fire, earth and sky —— can be found in their origins and headpieces, all stylistically rendered in ways that represent the deep traditional influences of Chinese folk art and ornamentation.

　　Each of the mascots also symbolizes a different blessing —— prosperity, happiness, passion, health and good luck.

　　重点词汇

　　syllable  n. (语言学)音节           　　mascot  n. 吉祥物

　　rhyming  n. 压韵                    　　　Tibetan Antelope  n. 藏羚羊

　　swallow  n. 燕子                    　　　 headpiece  n. 帽子，头盔

　　ornamentation  n. 装饰品            　 folk art  n. 民间艺术

　　prosperity  n. 繁荣                 　　　stylistically  adv. 文体上