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• CD诞生25周年 Compact Disc celebrates 25th anniversary

  2007-8-18

  EINDHOVEN, Netherlands - It was Aug. 17, 1982, and row upon row of palm-sized plates with a rainbow sheen began rolling off an assembly line near Hanover, Germany. An engineering marvel at the time, today they are instantly recognizable as Compact Discs, a product that turns 25 years old on Friday — and whose future is increasingly in doubt in an age of iPods and digital downloads.

  

  Those first CDs contained Richard Strauss' Alpine Symphony and would sound equally sharp if played today, says Holland's Royal Philips Electronics NV, which jointly developed the CD with Sony Corp. of Japan.

  The recording industry thrived in the 1990s as music fans replaced their aging cassettes and vinyl LPs with compact discs, eventually making CDs the most popular album format.

  The CD still accounts for the majority of the music industry's recording revenues, but its sales have been in a freefall since peaking early this decade, in part due to the rise of online file-sharing, but also as consumers spend more of their leisure dollars on other entertainment purchases, such as DVDs and video games.

  As the music labels slash wholesale prices and experiment with extras to revive the now-aging format, it's hard to imagine there was ever a day without CDs.

  Yet it had been a risky technical endeavor to attempt to bring digital audio to the masses, said Pieter Kramer, the head of the optical research group at Philips' labs in the Netherlands in the 1970s.

  "When we started there was nothing in place," he told The Associated Press at Philips' corporate museum in Eindhoven.

  The proposed semiconductor chips needed for CD players were to be the most advanced ever used in a consumer product. And the lasers were still on the drawing board when the companies teamed up in 1979.

  In 1980, researchers published what became known as the "Red Book" containing the original CD standards, as well as specifying which patents were held by Philips and which by Sony.

  Philips had developed the bulk of the disc and laser technology, while Sony contributed the digital encoding that allowed for smooth, error-free playback. Philips still licenses out the Red Book and its later incarnations, notably for the CD-ROM for storing computer software and other data.

  The CD's design drew inspiration from vinyl records: Like the grooves on a record, CDs are engraved with a spiral of tiny pits that are scanned by a laser — the equivalent of a record player's needle. The reflected light is encoded into millions of 0s and 1s: a digital file.

  Because the pits are covered with plastic and the laser's light doesn't wear them down, the CD never loses sound quality.

  Legends abound about how the size of the CD was chosen: Some said it matched a Dutch beer coaster; others believe a famous conductor or Sony executive wanted it just long enough for Beethoven's 9th Symphony.

  Kramer said the decision evolved from "long conversations around the table" about which play length made the most sense.

  The jump into mass production in Germany was a milestone for the CD, and by 1982 the companies announced their product was ready for market. Both began selling players that fall, though the machines only hit U.S. markets the following spring.

  Sony sold the first player in Japan on Oct. 1, with the CBS label supplying Billy Joel's "52nd Street" as its first album.

  The CD was a massive hit. Sony sold more players, especially once its "Discman" series was introduced in 1984. But Philips benefited from CD sales, too, thanks to its ownership of Polygram, now part of Vivendi SA's Universal Music Group.

  The CD player helped Philips maintain its position as Europe's largest maker of consumer electronics until it was eclipsed by Nokia Corp. in the late 1990s. Licensing royalties sustained the company through bad times.

  "The CD was in itself an easy product to market," said Philips' current marketing chief for consumer electronics, Lucas Covers. It wasn't just the sound quality — discs looked like jewelry in comparison to LPs.

  By 1986, CD players were outselling record players, and by 1988 CDs outsold records.

  "It was a massive turnaround for the whole market," Covers said.

  Now, the CD may be seeing the end of its days.

  CD sales have fallen sharply to 553 million sold in the United States last year, a 22 percent drop from its 2001 peak of 712 million, according to Nielsen SoundScan.

  Napster and later Kazaa and BitTorrent allowed music fans to easily share songs over the Internet, often illegally. More recently, Apple Inc. and other companies began selling legal music downloads, turning the MP3 and other digital audio formats into the medium of choice for many owners of Apple's iPods and other digital players.

  "The MP3 and all the little things that the boys and girls have in their pockets ... can replace it, absolutely," said Kramer, the retired engineer.

  CDs won't disappear overnight, but its years may be numbered.

  Record labels seeking to revive the format have experimented with hybrid CD-DVD combos and packages of traditional CDs with separate DVDs that carry video and multimedia offerings playable on computers.

  The efforts have been mixed at best, with some attempts, such as the DualDisc that debuted in 2004, not finding lasting success in the marketplace.

  Kramer said it has been satisfying to witness the CD's long run at the top and know he had a small hand in its creation.

  "You never know how long a standard will last," he said. "But it was a solid, good standard and still is."

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• Harry's high-five

  2007-7-15

  

  THOSE hoping for a quick precis on what all the Harry Potter fuss is about should skip popping in to see the fifth J.K. Rowling book translated into film.

  If you don't know why Hogwarts students are sitting their OWLs, that Sirius Black is in hiding after escaping from Azkaban, and how Cedric Diggory died, you will be out of your league seeing Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.

  There is no time to waste on "the story so far" when there is a hefty 766-page book -- the fifth in a series of seven -- to cover in less than 2 1/2 hours.

  Important elements of the complex past are woven into its forward-moving plot, its dialogue and Harry's fractured flashback nightmares, as they are through the book.

  With a new director, HP5 delivers more of the same as in HP 1 to 4 in cast and characters, themes and settings, plus a thrilling finale as the story reaches another crest in its continuing juggernaut.

  The book is paramount, and its words are often quoted directly and amusingly, but there are many major changes in the film's structure and emphasis that could confuse and disappoint many among Potter-potty experts of all ages who hold high expectations.

  Dominating The Order of the Phoenix is the essential story of Lord Voldemort's (Ralph Fiennes) return and Harry's struggle with the demons in his mind.

  Meanwhile, the Ministry of Magic meddles in Hogwarts, installing fuchsia-clad Dolores Umbridge (Imelda Staunton) as a shrill, heartless controller of education policy and student behaviour.

  So Harry leads a secret rebellion, teaching spells to fight the Dark Arts to a band of students in the hidden Room of Requirement.

  The dark side is grey and grainy, washed with fog and smoke. The music, which favoured haunting strains, often belts out techno.

  The worst of the film's horror (an over-cautious M) is done in the first few minutes, when Harry and a bloated Dudley Dursley (Harry Melling) survive their run-in with ghostly Dementors.

  The final 15 minutes, by contrast, are a force of firepower of two powerful wizards at war -- not threatening the planet, but using the elements and the ability to change form to make a special effects extravaganza within the Ministry's walls.

  In between, the film is balanced with lighter moments, teenage poignancy and snippets that portray the gist of the layered storyline, with a huge licence for changes.

  On the downside, it is missing delightful detail of fifth year at Hogwarts, especially Quidditch and classes in Potions, Magical Creatures and Transfiguration. Harry's romance with Cho Chang is compressed into a kiss, with no adolescent angst, and he develops a bond with "Loopy" Luna Lovegood (a memorably mystical Evanna Lynch). Many major characters have been shaved, partly because there are so many.

  Dobby is absent, Kreacher is brief and poor Ron Weasley loses all mention of his prefect status and his agony-to-ecstasy Quidditch captaincy.

  It is a pity, as Rupert Grint makes a beaut loser, while six years on from his Harry debut, Daniel Radcliffe still looks as wooden as his broomstick.

  Alan Rickman is devastating again as Snape, Michael Gambon reigns with the power of calm as Dumbledore, and Robbie Coltrane returns as half-giant Hagrid with a secret in the forest.

  Cameo appearances by Mrs Weasley, Draco Malfoy, Professor McGonagall and Cornelius Fudge fit around like comfy cushions.

  Special effects are given their due in a movie about wizarding skills, with imagination imbued into mythical beasts, the effect of spells and momentary pleasures such as moving portraits, newspaper headlines and staircases.

  There is no magic spell to please all the people all of the time, but a cauldron of cash helps Order of the Phoenix work enchantment for most.

  JACQUI HAMMERTON
  

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