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help千变万化的用法指南
2007-12-07 11:49:41
原文:Don't cough more than you can help.译文:不要比你能够忍住的咳嗽得更多。
辨析:原译是按照字面译,听起来非常别扭。这里有两处需要注意:
第一,这里help是习惯用法,与“帮助”无关,而是常和can或cannot连用,表示“避免、阻止、忍耐”等意思,如:
I can't help it. 我没有办法/我一点没辙。 (绝不能译成“我不能帮助它”,这里it不特指某样东西,而指“情况、局面、形势”等。)也可以用被动语态:It can't be helped.谁也没办法/无计可施。句型短语cannot help doing something(忍不住/不得不)和cannot help but do something(只能)中的help也是此意,所以I cannot help coughing 是“我忍不住要咳嗽”的意思。 第二,more than在这里并不是真正的比较,而是表示含蓄或婉转的否定,如:
It's more than I can tell you. 我(真的)不能告诉你。
(语气要比I cannot tell you婉转得多,含义“不是我本人不想告诉你,而是由于某种客观原因我才不能告诉你”。)其它形容词和副词比较级也有类似用法,如:
He is wiser than saying that (=he is not so foolish as to say that).
他没那么傻,不会那样说/说那种话。
所以,综合起来,原句可译成:除非忍不住,尽量不要咳嗽。反之,在汉译英时也应模仿这种地道的英语说法。 -
英语句子中四种非连续成分
2007-11-27 15:12:08
了解英语句子中非连续成分的运用无论对于正确理解英语句子的意思,还是用正确汉语来表达英语句子的意思都是至关重要的。我们都知道,英语大多数陈述句都采用SVO这种线性结构(linear structure),各成分之间的语法关系是靠语序来体现的,为了准确地表达句子中各成分之间的语法关系,避免歧义,人们在写英语句子时一般要遵循相邻原则(principle of adjacency),即语法关系密切的两个成分应处于相邻的位置。但是,在实际运用中有时人们并不遵循这一原则,两个应该相邻成分之间被其它成分分隔,构成含非连续成分(discontinuous constituents)的句式。例如:
⑴A wild yell of jubilation to their surprise, went up suddenly from two dozen throats and pandemonium of joy ensued.
--F. S. Fitzgerald: The Diamond as Big as the Ritz
⑵But here on the same road you might have seen among these heavy men a being lithe…
--J. Conrad: Amy Foster
⑶Indeed, if readers find the introduction hard going, they should read just the last section, then plunge into the body of the book, and return to Chapter I when puzzles arise about the general nature of the field.
--S. C. Levinson: Pragmatics
⑷As soon as they were gone, Elisabeth walked out to recover her spirits, or in other words, to dwell, without interpretation on those subjects that deaden then more.
--J. Austen: Pride and Prejudice
上面几个都是含非连续成分的句子,但非连续成分的构成情况各不相同。例⑴句子中的主语A wild yell of jubilation和谓语went up被状语to their surprise分隔,构成主谓非连续成分,例⑵中谓语动词might have seen和宾语a being被状语among these heavy men分隔,构成动宾语非连续成分。例⑶中的中心词puzzles和修饰语被分句的谓语arise分隔,构成名词中心词和后置修饰非连续成分。例⑷不定式动词to dwell和该动词词组的小品词分隔,构成动词副词小品词非连续成分。
在上面四种非连续成分中,最多见的是中心词和后置修饰语非连续成分,这种连续成分比较复杂。除上面例⑶讲的中心词和介词短语修饰语以外,还有以下各种情况。
1、中心词是句子的主语,其修饰语是关系分句,这个关系分句的主语又是关系代词,这种关系分句往往可与中心词分隔。例如:
Some things have been done that ought to have been done long ago.
2、中心词是主语或宾语,同时被两个后置修饰语修饰,其中一个修饰语
把中心词和另一个修饰语分隔。例如:
I've got something important to say.
There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.
The enterprises and property in China of the Japanese aggressors and the chief traitors were confiscated.
Is there anything you want that you have not?
从这几个例句看,造成非连续成分产生的可能是形容词,副词后置修饰语,介词短语后置修饰语,关系分句后置修饰语等。
3、中心词是主语或宾语,状语或插入成分把中心词和修饰语分隔。例如:
There are a lot of people at the bus stop waiting for the bus.
They found a room there to put up for the night.
"Here is the man, " he said, "who told us the good news yesterday."
at the bus stop, there都是状语,he said是插入成分,它们把中心词和修饰语分隔,产生了非连续成分。
4、中心词位于句首,而修饰它的后置修饰语又需置于谓语之后,两者不得不分开。这种情况多见于疑问代词作中心词的句子中。例如:
What did he want to say about it?
Who is there to be criticized?
研究上面所举的所有例句,我们可以发现,英语句子中的非连续成分主要由两个原因造成的,一个是插入语导致产生非连续成分,另一个是为了使句子结构平衡,防止句子产生头重脚轻而产生了非连续成分。 含非连续成分的英语句子的运用,有时与修辞因素有关,即运用非连续成分是为了提高英语句子的修辞表达效果。含非连续成分的英语句子主要有以下几种修辞作用。
1、保持句子结构平稳
由于用文字传递信息的需要,构成句子的各种成分可能会较复杂地交织在一起,这就不可避免地会导致句子结构不平衡的问题,违背句子末端加重(end weight)的原则。例如:
News that the rebels threatened to blow up the city came.
这个句子语法上应该是对的,但修辞效果无从谈起,句子的主语很长,谓语部分只有一个词,太短,句子头重脚轻,失去平衡。现在我们来看下列几例:
When a subject was accused of a crime important enough to interest the king, public notice was given that on an appointed day the fate of the accused person would be decided in the king's arena.
--F. Stockton: The Lady or the Tiger
We watched on TV the two astronauts walking on the moon.
I know of a place on that mountain where we can find this kind of plant.
这几个都是含非连续成分的句子,由于非连续成分的运用,按正常语序的句子所产生的弊端随之消失。句子结构平稳自然,语义严密,修辞效果显而易见。
2、避免句子意思混淆
使用非连续成分有时可以避免句子意思混淆,请看下列例句:
※As I approached the stream I saw a tall man hastening toward me beyond it.
※Once married, the church considers that a couple has signed up for a lifetime contrast.
这两个句子的意思混淆,不合逻辑,原因是beyond it和once married这两个成分在句子中的位置不当。现在我们把它们改成如下形式: As I approached the stream, I saw a tall man beyond it hastening toward me.
The church considers that a couple, once married, has signed for a lifetime contrast.
这两个都是含非连续成分的句子,第一个句子中宾语和宾语补足语被分隔,第二个句子中分句的主语和谓语被分隔,但两个句子都意思清楚,完全合乎逻辑,非连续成分在某些情况下的优点,在此也可见一斑了。 3、使行文精炼,结构紧凑,言简意赅。
使用非连续成分有时并非为了句子结构平稳,也不是为了避免句子意思混淆,而是为了使行文精炼,句子结构紧凑,语言表达言简意赅。这类非连续成分多数是插入型非连续成分,即插入成分把本来应该相连的两个成分分隔。例如:
I shall propose several sorts of formulations and propose that such sub-collection structures of terms are a resource in the sensitivity to topic of the selection of place formulations.
--E. A. Schlegloff: Notes on a Conversational Practice
从语法上讲in the sensitivity to topic完全可以省略,但句子所含的信息量会随之减少,而这一信息在交际中却是十分必要的。运用非连续成分我们不但不觉得句子罗嗦,而且还觉得行文精确,结构紧凑,言简意赅。再如: With the establishment during the last century and the flourishing during the present of a modern tradition in American literature, the authority of English opinion and usage has diminished.
--A. Baugh et al: A History of the English Language
显然,在这个句子中,非连续成分的运用与句子结构平衡有否无关,during the last century和during the present的运用主要是为了增加信息量,使信息更有效地传递。它们的运用并不给人冗赘的感觉,而是行文清晰精炼,结构严谨,语义表达确切严密。
不过,使用英语非连续成分切忌弄巧成拙,以免引起不必要的误解。例如:
The only person beside the teacher who knew the matter was the monitor.
在这个句子中,beside the teacher的位置会导致句子的意思产生歧义,因为who knew the matter可理解为修饰person,也可理解为修饰teacher,实际上beside the teacher是状语,应置句首:Beside the teacher the only person who knew the matter was the monitor.再如:
Who is the man reading a newspaper next to the woman?
该句中,next to the woman可理解为man的后置修饰语,也可理解为newspaper的后置修饰语,句子是歧义句,意思含糊不清。应该换一种含非连续成分的句子来表达:Who is the man next to the woman reading a newspaper? 这个句子没有歧义,非连续成分的运用使句子语义表达清楚,这才是非连续成分运用的目的之一。
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whether和if的区别(dingdingding)HOT
2007-11-27 15:08:53
一、引导宾语从句,一般既可用whether也可用if。但1 or not放在whether之后时,只能用whether不用if。
I don’t know whether or not he will come. 我不知道他是不是回来。
注1:如果or not放在whether所引导的从句句尾,则可以用if来替换。
I don’t know whether/if he will come or not.我不知道他是不是回来。
2 在强调任意选择时,用whether…or,此时不用if替换whether。
He asked me whether I wanted to go there by train or by bus.他问我是想乘火车还是坐公共汽车去那里。 注:whether和or一起还有“不管”之意,引导让步状语从句。
Whether he drives or takes the train, he will be here on time.不管开车来还是乘火车来,他都会准时到。 3 虽引导宾语从句,但为了强调宾语部分,也可把从句放在句首,此时只用whether不用if。
Whether he will come I am not sure.他是不是来我拿不准。
4 从句作介词宾语时只用whether不用if。
It depends on whether it will be fine.那得看是不是晴天。
5 作discuss等动词的宾语时,用whether不用if。
We discussed whether we should close the shop.我们讨论是不是该关掉商店。 6 句子中有if引导的条件句,如再有表示“是否”的宾语从句,用whether不用if。
He asked me whether I’d move to New York if I got the job.他问我如果我得到那份工作是否会搬家到纽约。
7 容易产生歧义时用whether不用if来表示“是否”。
Please let me know if you need help. 如果你需要帮助请告诉我。或:请告诉我你是否需要帮助。对比:Please let me know if you need help.请告诉我你是否需要帮助。
8 如果宾语从句为否定句时,则只用if不用whether。
I don’t know if it won't rain tomorrow..我不知道明天是不是会下雨。
二、在引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时一般用whether不用if。如:
⑴Whether it is true remains a question.(主语从句)那是不是真的还是个问题。
⑵The question is whether it is true.(表语从句)问题是是不是真的。
⑶We have a doubt whether it is true.(同位语从句) 我们怀疑那是不是真的。
注:whether引导主语从句放在主句之后时可用if来代替。
It is unclear whether/if he likes the present.他是不是喜欢那个礼物还不清楚。
三、用在动词不定式之前时用whether不用if。
I don’t know whether to go there at once. 我不知道是不是该立刻去那里。
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你知道多少有关have的短语
2007-11-27 15:05:26
惠特尼•休斯顿有一首歌,歌名是一无所有。I’ll have nothing if I don’t have you. 没有你,我将一无所有,多么深情的一句话。现在,我给大家介绍一些有关have这个词的短语。第一个词组是这样的:have one’s eye on sb. 很自然地会想到是盯着某人看的意思,没错。In English, it means to be watching sb. carefully, especially to check that they do not do anything wrong.中文就是密切注视,盯住,监视。 那你能猜到第二个意思吗?Well, it also means that to be thinking about asking sb. out, offering sb. a job, etc, because you think they are attractive, good at their job, etc.中文很简单,就是看中,看上。Eg. He’s got his eye on the new girl in your class. 他看中了你们班新来的女孩。注意哦,是单数,eye 。 我已经吃过饭了,I’ve had meal. 这是一个完成时的句子,如果把meal 换成it , 虚指。I’ve had it. 这句话的意思可就多了。听我慢慢说来。
I’ve had it. I’m goanna to sleep. Here, it means that I feel sleepy. 我觉得很困,要睡觉了。
He’s so overacted that I’ve had it with him. 他太过分了,我受够他了。Have had it with sb. 受够某人。
The car had had it, means that the car is n bad condition. 这车已经坏得没法修了。
When I met the headmaster at the gate, I thought I’d had it. She hates us for being late most. 当我在门口遇到班主任时,我知道我完蛋了,她最讨厌我们迟到了。这里是过去时态,用的是I had had it 代表我完蛋了。
Everyone thinks that he has it in him to produce a literary classic. 大家都认为他有能力写出一部文学名著。Have it in sb. to do sth. 就是指有能力做某事。再举一例:You were great; I didn’t know you had it in you. 你真棒,我不知道你还有这本事。 你是开我的玩笑吧?英文是:Really, are you kidding me? 还可以说:You are not having me on, are you? Have sb. on 就是开某人的玩笑。
There’s room in the cellar to store old furniture and what have you. 初看这个句子,让人有些摸不着头脑,换种说法是: There’s room in the cellar to store old furniture and so on.其实,what have you 就指诸如此类的东西。这句话的意思是说地下室有间屋子可以放些旧家具等一些东西。
定冠词加上形容词就可以代表一类人,比如说:the poor, 穷人;the rich, 富人。the haves and the have-nots 也分别指富人,穷人的意思。
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面临严峻挑战如何用英文表达
2007-11-24 15:12:36
面临严峻挑战 face severe challenges清醒地看到 acutely aware
生态恶化 ecological deterioration 提高意识 strengthen the awareness
相互尊重,求同存异,平等互利,优势互补,借鉴经验,拓展合作,立足当前,着眼未来 respect each other, seek the common ground while putting aside difference, enjoy equality and mutual benefits, complement each other’s advantages, learn each other’s experience, expand the cooperation, stand from the present and look forward to the future 以此会议为契机 take the opportunity of this seminar
滞后 lag behind
转轨建制过程缓慢 the tr4ansition of mechanism is slow
总结经验教训 draw lessons from the past
community development oriented 以发展社区为宗旨的
deserved winners 当之无愧的获奖者
ethnic minorities 少数民族
gainful employment 有报酬的 gender issues 性别问题
handicraft works 手工艺品
income generation 工薪阶层
in-depth knowledge 深入了解
the handicapped 残疾人
不求最大,但求最好 seek the best instead of the largest
产业结构 industrial structure
城乡一体化 the unified design between the city and the countryside
短期行为 short-term conduct
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春意盎然如何用英文表达
2007-11-24 15:11:36
春意盎然 spring is very much in the airforest coverage 森林覆盖率
global warming 全球变暖
principal element 主要因素
toxic emission 废气排放 迸发出心灵的火花 ignite the sparks of understanding
建立合作桥梁 build the bridge for cooperation
内容翔实 substantial in content
能源大省 major province of energy 日程紧凑 tight in schedule
call upon 号召
conservation benefits 节水的好处
industrial reuse and recycling 工业中水利用
pollution fines 污染罚款
urban water conservation 城市节水
water saving fixtures 节水装置
地区经济 regional economic
港口经营多元化 diversification in port operation 责任和义务 perform our duties and fulfill our obligations
地区行业盛会 a well-known regional event of the industry
发起港 initiating ports
break free 冲破藩篱
civil society 民间团体
ethnic lines 种族
genuine partnership 真正的合作伙伴
squatter settlements 违章建筑区
without access to 享受不到
畅所欲言 open dialogues
计划经济的束缚 the bounding of planning economy
紧迫问题 pressing issues
科教兴省和走可持续发展的道路 vitalize the province by science and technology and sustainable development
空前膨胀 unprecedentedly inflated
控制增长势头 curb the trend of steep rise
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生活中常用名词及句型英语解释
2007-11-24 15:09:20
Give the floor to 请…发言It is a great pleasure for me to 我很荣幸…
Relevant issues 相关问题
Updated research research result 最新的调查结果
Attach the importance to 对…给予重视
Lead-edge technologies 领先技术
Minister Counselor 公使
Natural heritage 自然遗产
Shared concern 共同关心的问题
Well-deserved reputation 良好的信誉 对…表示衷心的感谢 express sincere gratitude to
请…讲话 Let's welcome to give a speech
双边会议 bilateral conference
以掌声对…表示的最热烈的欢迎 propose the warmest applause to
主办单位 sponsor
颁奖仪式 the Award Ceremony
贺词 greeting speech
隆重举行 observe the grand opening of
请…颁奖 Let’s invite to present the award
取得圆满成功 achieve complete ceremony
全球庆典 global celebration ceremony
宣布…结束 declare the closing of
请全体起立,奏国歌 Please rise for the national anthem.
Collective stewardship 集体管理 Competitive job market 充满竞争的就业市场 Financial institutions 金融机构
Forward-looking 进取
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英语小测验 (关注气候变化)
2007-11-08 09:12:32
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《新概念英语》折射出的美学修辞
2007-11-07 10:55:20
美学修辞又称为修辞格,是千百年来,人们根据不同语言环境的需要而创造出的鲜明具体、形象生动的表现手法。而在《新概念英语》这套被誉为世界经典教材的学习资料中,也无处不折射出美学修辞。例一:A Cold Welcome (新概念第二册)
使用的修辞——矛盾修辞
矛盾修辞(Oxymoron)即将完全对立、相互矛盾的两个概念置于一处,用来描述主观与客观之间的矛盾、现象与实质之间的矛盾、人物内心世界的矛盾等等;此修辞手法乍看起来荒诞离奇,一加揣摩一切尽在情理之中,给人种别开生面的感觉。比如上文例子中"welcome"本意指"欢迎",既然是"欢迎"应该给人种热情亲切、暖洋洋的感觉;而作者却在其前用了"cold"一词修饰,可谓是发人深思、妙趣横生,让我们领略到这一修辞独特的艺术魅力。
再如:
1)living death 虽生犹死
deathless death 虽死犹生
a disillusioned hopeful 仍抱有希望的失望者 hating love 充满恨的爱
dangerous clam 危险的和平气氛
inaudible uproar 听不见的喧嚣
a cold warm embrace 不冷不热的拥抱
love-hate relationship 又爱又恨的关系
life-death struggle 生死搏斗
a fire-water state 水火不容、势不两立的关系
2)I despise its very vastness and power. It has the poorest millionaires, the little great men, the haughtiest beggars, the plainest beauties, the lowest skyscrapers, and the dolefulness pleasures of any town I ever saw. (O.Henry)
我嗤之以鼻的正是其宏大与权威。在这座城市里(纽约)有的是心灵最空虚的百万富翁,人格最渺小的伟人,最高傲的乞丐,最丑陋的美女,最低级龌龊的摩天大楼和最令人悲哀的娱乐,比我所见到的任何城市都有过之而无不及。 O.Henry连续用了六个矛盾修辞,使它们平行列出,给人种连贯一气、一气呵成的感觉。他通过资本主义繁华富裕的表面。洞察到其空虚腐朽的实质。
3)The mother is undergoing the joyful pain and the painful joy of childbirth.
那位母亲正经历着分娩时那种快乐的痛苦以及痛苦的快乐。
例二:
Imagine their dismay when they found a beautifully-cooked wallet and notes turned to ash!(新概念第三册)
A few minutes later, I was able to hurry away with precious chalk marks on my baggage. (新概念第三册)
He was glad to get away with a mere twenty pounds and he beat a hasty retreat, clutching the precious bottle under his arm. (新概念第三册)
使用的修辞——反语
反语(Irony)即说反话,故意用与本意恰好相反的词语或者句子来表达本意。在一定的语言环境中,反语比正说或直说更有力量,这种反意正说、贬话褒说的手法能赋于语言更强烈的感情色彩以及表现张力。
比如上文第一句例句中的"beautifully-cooked" 这个词组很好的表现出了当时那对准夫妻的心态。他们眼看着一天辛辛苦苦赚来的钱就这么付之东流了,心情应该是沮丧的,但从beautifully-cooked这个词里丝毫看不出沮丧,反倒有点轻松的意味。作者这里恰恰用了反语的修辞手法,反语除了能起讽刺作用以外,在这里更加表达了作者一种善意的 幽默俏皮,营造轻松活泼的气氛。这样的写法反映出作者,或者更大一点说,老外那种积极乐观的人生态度,天塌下来了都不怕,灾难当头了还不忘记幽默一把。类似于这样的反语,在第二句例句里也得以充分体现:某人被海关怀疑藏有未经申报的物品,官员们把他拦下,双方折腾了很久才真相大白,他是冤枉的。在耽搁了那么长时间后,这个人匆匆忙忙地继续赶路,作者这样写道:hurry away with precious chalk marks on the baggage。其中precious一词即是反语修辞,表现出老外的那种乐观大度,风趣幽默,一场尴尬,一切不愉快,随着一个单词便烟消云散了。而第三句例句是相似道理:哈里经常在商店编造商品名,通过刁难营业员而寻求乐趣。有一天阴差阳错,营业员拿出了和哈里编造商品非常吻合的商品。哈里不得不花钱买下,然后带着这件"宝贵的"商品仓皇逃离。
再如:
It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.
要是早晨不知道是什么时间那才妙呢。
该例句的意思是:一个工人担心早晨不知道时间,上班迟到被开除。如果这种事情发生就"糟了"。可是字面意思却是"妙了"。这里的反语目的并不在于讽刺嘲弄,而在于增添幽默诙谐的情趣。
例三:
I had no sooner got back to the kitchen than the doorbell rang loud enough to wake the dead (新概念第二册)
We resolve to…… do a thousand and one jobs about the house……(新概念第三册)
The guests had, of course, realized this from the moment Bessie opened the door for them, and, long before the final catastrophe, had had a difficult time trying to conceal the amusement. (新概念第三册)
The girl, tears streaming down her face, begged to be allowed to slip into the guard's van.(新概念第三册)
使用的修辞——夸张
夸张(Hyperbole)又称为夸饰,即为了表达的需要,故意言过其实,对客观的事物或人物进行扩大或缩小的描述。
夸张修辞常见又分为两种形式,其一是"利用数字或表示数量的词组进行夸张"(即上面第二句例句,其中的a thousand and one jobs意思就等同于many jobs);其二是"通过强化某些词语的语义进行夸张描述"(即上面第一句、第三句以及第四句例句,其中loud enough to wake the dead 、the final catastrophe以及 tears steaming down分别突出"声音之响的程度"、"蛋糕差点撞上姑姑这件事情的严重性"以及"眼泪哗哗直流的流量之大")。 再如:
1)Splendid cheeses they were, ripe and mellow, and with a two-hundred horse-power scent about them that might have been warranted to carry three miles, and knock a man over at two-hundred yards.
这些奶酪又香又嫩,好极了。四溢的香气足有二百匹马力那么强大,管保三英里以外能闻到,二百码远处站着的人被熏倒。
作者巧妙地运用了三个数字来描写奶酪的香气,给人身临其境、如闻其味的美感。
2)Faustus Was this the face that launcht a thousand ships,
And burnt the topless Towers of Iliums?
Sweet Helen, make me immortal with a kiss:
Her lips suck forth my soul, see where it files.
浮士得 就是这张脸使千帆齐发,
把伊利安的巍巍城楼烧成灰的么? 甜蜜的海伦,你一吻就使我永生。 看,她的嘴唇吸走了我的灵魂。
3)Seventy times have I told you not to be late.
我不知跟你说过多少次不要迟到。
4)His anger nearly burst his belly.
他气得肚子简直炸裂了。
5)Everyone was clapping their hands off.
每个人把手都拍下来了,即"每个人在热烈鼓掌"。
6)It was so hot a noon that the leaves had to gasp for breath.
那天中午,天气热得连树上的叶子也在喘气。
例四:
An individual human existence should be like a river--small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. ( 新概念第四册)
使用的修辞——扩喻
扩喻(Extended Metaphor)即隐喻的扩大形式,是一种结构松散,但比隐喻含义更明朗的比喻方式。而扩喻的特点是"喻体+延伸体(即引申扩展部分)"。实际上,延伸体仍然属于喻体的组成部分,其作用是辅助喻体描绘或说明主体。延伸体可以是词组,可以是从句,甚至可以是一段话(比如上文的例句中,破折号后面的一段话就是对喻体river的解释和补充,以辅助喻体对本体an individual human existence 进行更为具体、更为形象的描述)。
再如:
Laws are like cobwebs, where the small files are caught and the great break through.
法律如同蜘蛛网,小的蚊蝇给网捕住,大的则一冲而过。
where 从句 作为喻体的延伸部分,对主体进行更为深入透彻的理解。俗话说"法网恢恢,疏而不漏";但根据西方人的观点却是"只能扣住小鬼,却逮不住阎王",通过这一扩喻的使用,使人们对西方法律知识有了更深层的了解。
篇幅所限,本文仅列举一二,可谓书中只有颜如玉,若要领略英语之美,掌握修辞之意,不妨细细品读新概念教材,定会让你受益匪浅
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记单词绝招:辅音字母一三组合理论
2007-11-04 13:53:36
b-棒子 ~ bole树干 ~ 辅音字母一三组合 ~ bl-树、树叶 ~blade叶片、刀片c-cut ~ carve雕刻、切开~car的辅音字母一三组合~cr-gr-割、刻、写 ~ graph=grave=gram-词根:写
biography人生传记(bio-body-生命)
program节目、程序(提前写出来的)
grave坟墓、碑刻、铭记(本益都是“写”)
d-低 ~ down低 ~ 辅音字母一三组合 ~ dw-低 ~dwarf侏儒
f-手 ~ fold折叠 ~ 辅音字母一三组合 ~ fl-弯曲 ~flection弯曲
~ flexible~灵活的、柔韧的、易弯曲的
g-土 ~ gen生 ~辅音字母一三组合 ~ gn-生 ~pregnant怀孕的 (pre-先、前 gn-生 ant-的 ——在出生之前的:怀孕)
p-嘴 ~ parl说 ~辅音字母一三组合~ pr-说 ~pray祈祷(也就
是“说”)~pr继续变化pl~说 please-请 play表演 explain解释
s-刀 ~ sect切分 ~辅音字母一三组合~ sc切分 ~scar刀疤 ~
scissor剪刀~scoop铲子(刀铲是一家)~sculpture雕刻、雕像
through~ 辅音字母一三组合~ tr穿过~trans穿过~transplant移植~
transfer转学 ~ transport运输~~ -
学习英语幽默句子,掌握高中英语语法,一箭四雕!
2007-10-31 20:36:31
时间状语从句
一、when, while和as
1.When既可引导一个持续动作,也可引导一个短暂动作,可用于主句和从句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作。当主句是将来时,从句的时态用现在时。(when在实际中用得最多)
I told my children when Lincoln was your age he walked twelve
miles to school everyday. But my son said, “That’s nothing. When he was your age, he was president.”
我告诉我的孩子:当林肯你那么大岁数时他每天走12英里去学校,我儿子说,“那没什么,当他你那么大岁数时已经当总统了”。There’s a side to President Reagan that people don’t know. When he was a young man, he read complete works of Shakespeare. Of course, when Reagan was young, Shakespeare hadn’t written all that
much.
里根总统还有一面人们并不知道,年轻时他曾读过莎士比亚全集——当然里根年轻时莎士比亚还没写那么多。
注:讽刺里根读书少,岁数大。当when引导的时间状语从句为系表结构,而且其主语和主句的主语一致,其标语又是一个名词,就可以以as引导的省略句来代替when引导的从句。如:
As a young man, he read complete works of Shakespeare.
他年轻时读过莎士比亚全集。
When the game is finished, the king and the pawn[卒] go into to the same box.
游戏结束时,国王和士兵进入同一个盒子。
注:人生就象一场游戏,游戏结束时,亿万富翁也好,平头百姓也好都进入一样大小的棺材(或骨灰盒)。Finish为短暂动作,从句动作先于主句动作。
场景再现:在筹集善款的晚会上,可以这么调侃:
How noisy an audience can be when you ask for quiet ____ and how quiet it can be when you ask for money.
(多么令人惊奇啊,)当你要求安静时听众乱烘烘的——当你要钱时全场一片寂静。
2.While引导的动作必须是持续性的,侧重主句动作和从句动作相对比。如:
Plumber(水暖工): I’m sorry I was late.
Man: While we were waiting for you, I taught my wife how to swim.水暖工:很抱歉我来晚了。
男人:我们等你的时候,我教我太太学游泳。3.As引导一个持续动作,多用于主句和从句的动作同时发生。如:
A man ate each night in the same restaurant and at the same table. One night, as he was leaving, he walked up a wall, across the ceiling, down another wall, and out the door.
“That’s odd,” his waiter said. “Usually he says good night.”
一个人每天都在同一家饭馆同一张桌子上吃饭,一天晚上,当他离开时,他走上墙,穿过天花板,从另一面墙走下来,从门出去。
服务员说“真奇怪,他通常说晚安”。
注:服务员对那个男人的天马行空习以为常,但对于他不打招呼就走感觉奇怪。As I look back, there is only one thing I wish I could have saved for my old age --- the years between twenty and thirty.
我回头看看只有一件东西是我希望为自己的老年保存起来的——20岁到30岁的岁月。4.When还可以用作并列连词,其意义为“在那时,在这时”,相当于and at this/that time。
Heisenberg is out for a drive when he's stopped by a traffic cop. The cop says, "Do you know how fast you were going?"
Heisenberg says, "No, but I know where I am."
HEISENBERG驾车外出被交警拦住。警察问,“你知道你开得多快吗”?
HEISENBURG说,“不知道,但我知道我在哪儿”。Frannie was kneeling down saying his prayers when her four-year-old brother sneaked(鬼鬼祟祟做事) up behind her and pulled her hair.
“Pardon me, God,” said Frannie, “I’ll be right back after I kick Herbie.”
Frannie正跪着祈祷,她四岁的弟弟从后面偷偷摸摸靠近她,揪他的头发。她说,“原谅我,我踢了Herbie后马上回来”。5.While作为并列连词,意为“而,却”,表示对比。如:
While the chef’s dishes tonight are rather bland(乏味的), his ideas are fresh and
appealing.
今晚厨师的菜相当寡味,但他的思想却清新诱人。
注:我们去吃饭,谁会关心厨师的思想呢?Sir, I dont know how to tell this, but your imagination has just taken flight ____ while your facts are still on standby.(备用)
先生,我不知道怎样告诉这点,但你的想象力已经逃跑,你的事实还在袖手旁观。注:讽刺某人胡编乱造,说话没有根据。
A lie is half way around the world while the truth is just putting his boots on.
真理刚穿上靴子,谎言已经在半路了。
注:人们更爱传播八卦新闻。6.如果主句表示的是短暂动作,而从句用延续性动词的进行时表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作时,when, while与as可以互换使用。如:
When/While/As I was walking down the street, I came across an old friend of mine.
What animal eats with its tail?
All animals do. No one takes off its tail while/when/as they are eating.
什么动物用尾巴吃东西?(故意理解成:什么动物带着尾巴吃东西?)
所有动物,没有动物吃东西时把尾巴拿下来。
注:With: 用…做;带着二、as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant, no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely….when….和once
这些从属连接词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生,主句的动作随即就发生,常译为“一…就…”。从句中一般时态代替将来时态。如:
How beautifully everything is arranged by Nature; as soon as a child enters the
world, it finds a mother ready to take care of it.
大自然安排的每件事情都多么奇妙啊;孩子一来到这个世上,就发现有个母亲已经准备好了照料它。解释:学习这种从不同的角度看问题的幽默思维。
As soon as Eve ate the apple of wisdom[智慧], she reached for the fig(无花果) leaf;
when a woman begins to think, her first thought is of a new dress.
夏娃吃完智慧苹果后马上去找无花果的叶子;当女人开始思想时她首先想到的是新衣服。A banker is a fellow who lends you his umbrella when the sun is shining and wants it back the minute it begins to rain.
银行家在阳光照耀时借给你伞,开始下雨时又想要回来的人。解释:银行是用钱生钱,不是慈善机构。如果你是个很好的企业或者人很有资信,他愿意把钱借给你,如果感觉到你快破产了,肯定会想法设法把钱要回来。
Once a woman has given you her heart --- you can never get rid of the rest of her body.
一旦女人把心给了你——你就再也摆脱不了她身体的其余部分了。
注:抓住了心爱的女人的心是幸福的,抓住了你不喜欢的女人的心,算惹上麻烦了。No sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely….when…
I had hardly got home when it began to rain.
Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had we arrived at the station that the train left.
三、till, until, 和not….until
1.肯定句:主句谓语动词必须是延续性动词,主句、从句都是肯定式,意为“某动作一直延续到某时间点为止”。如:
Son: Remember, Dad, Thomas Edison got bad grades in school, too.
Father: Stay in your room until you invented the light bulb.
儿子:记住,爸爸,爱迪生上学时成绩也很差。
父亲:呆在你房间里,直到发明出灯泡。Whenever I feel like exercise, I lie down until the feeling passes.
每当我想锻炼时,我就躺下直到这种感觉消失。
注:这个人是真不想锻炼。I was an atheist[无神论者] until I realized I was GOD.
在我认识到我是上帝以前我是一个无神论者。
注:这种话应该是象尼采一类的狂人说的。2.否定句:主句谓语动词必须是非延续性动词,从句为肯定式,意为“某动作直到某时间才开始”。如:
I am convinced that both my long age and exceptional health are to be explained by
an obvious facts: I never touched a cigarette, a drink, or a girl until I was almost ten
years old.
我深深相信我的长寿和我格外健康可以由一个显而易见的事实来解释:我从来没有接触过一根烟、一口酒、一个女孩子,在我差不多10岁以前。(我直到差不多10岁才接触烟、酒、女孩子。)
Horse owner: This horse is eight-years- old and he’s never raced before.
Jockey: How come?
Horse Owner: Well, we couldn’t catch him until he was seven.
马主:这匹马8岁了,他以前从来没有参加过比赛。
职业骑师:怎么会呢?
马主:直到他7岁我们才抓住它。3.Till不可以置于句首,而until可以。
Until the horse was seven we couldn’t catch him.
4.Not…until句型中的强调和倒装。
It was not until he was seven that we could catch him .(强调句型)
Not until he was seven could we catch him.(not until置于句首,主句要倒装)
四、before和since
1.若表达“还未…就….;不到…就….;才….;趁…;还没来得及”时,需用连词before。(都可以理解成是“在…..之前”)
I have to exercise early in the morning before my brain figures out what I'm doing.
每天一大早儿趁我的大脑还不知道我在做什么之前我必须锻炼。
注:早上起床后晕晕忽忽就开始锻炼,等大脑清醒后,就不想锻炼了。If people waited to know one another before they married, the world wouldn’t be so over-populated.
如果人们都要等相互了解对方后才结婚,世界人口就不会这么过剩了。
2.Before从句中谓语不用否定式。(同样也可理解成“在…..之前”)
Texan: Back home on my ranch(大农场) I can get in my car at dawn, drive all day,
and it’ll be dark before I reach the end of my property.(财产)
Vermonter: I had a car like that once.
Texan:在我老家里的大农场里我一大早上车,开一整天,还没到达另一边前天就会黑下来。
Vermonter:我也曾经有一辆那样的汽车。
注:本来想吹自己农场大,对方却说自己的车破。
3.It will be + 段时间 + before…..多久之后才…..(在…..之前)
"It will be years -- not in my time -- before a woman will become Prime Minister." -- Margaret Thatcher, 1974.
还要过很多年女人才能当上首相,但我是看不到了——撒其尔_1974
注:这是英国首相撒其尔年轻时的言论,后来她不仅看到了,而且是自己成了英国女首相。4.Since从句的谓语动词一般是非延续性动词,主句的谓语动词是延续性的或者是反复发生过的。Since从句的时态若是一般过去式,相应地,主句中的时态是现在完成时或现在完成进行式。如:
Angry librarian: Please be quite. The people near you can’t read.
Little boy: Why, they ought to be ashamed of themselves. I’ve been able to read since I was six.
生气的图书管理员:请安静。挨着你的人看不了书了。
小男孩:他们真应该感到害羞,我六岁时就能读了。A young man hadnt handed in one homework assignment since they started the class.
“Won’t you please do tonight’s assignment?”
“What? And ruin a perfect record?”
从开课以来,有个年轻人从没交过作业。
“你不做今晚的作业吗”?
“什么?要毁掉一个完美的记录吗”?5.在“it is + 段时间 + since从句”句型中,时间的计算一律从since从句的动作完成或状态结束时算起。
It is three years since the war broke out.
It is three years since she was in our class.
It is three years since she lived here.
It is three years since I smoked a cigar (=since I stopped smoking a cigar)
It is three years since I began to smoke.
五、every time, each time, next time, the first time, any time, all the time等名词短语用来引导时间状语从句,表示“每当…..,每次…..;下次……”等。
Employer to applicant: "In this job we need someone who is responsible."
Applicant: "I'm the one you want. On my last job, every time anything went wrong,they said I was responsible."
雇主对应聘者说:“我们需要一个负责任的人”。
应聘者:“我就是你们要找的人,我上一个工作每次出了差错,他们都说我负责”。Teacher: Bob, can you explain inflation?
Bob: Sure. Every time my dad pays the bills, he blows up. That’s inflation[通货膨胀].
老师:Bob,你能解释一下通货膨胀吗?
Bob:当然。我爸爸每次付帐单时,他就发脾气(爆炸),那就是通货膨胀。
注:blow up:爆炸;发脾气。场景再现:演讲时调节气氛:
I dont want to brag, but the last time I made the speech it brought the audience to its feet. And they didnt sit down again until they reached their cars.
我不想吹牛,但上次我演讲时所有的观众都站起来(欢呼),他们再也没有坐下,直到到达他们的汽车。注:观众站起来都走了。
当然,萝卜青菜,各有所爱,如果你觉得哪个句子不幽默,不好玩儿,欢迎指出来,我会免费赞美你。
