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《新概念英语》折射出的美学修辞
2007-11-07 10:55:20 / 个人分类:语法词汇
例一:A Cold Welcome (新概念第二册)
使用的修辞——矛盾修辞
矛盾修辞(Oxymoron)即将完全对立、相互矛盾的两个概念置于一处,用来描述主观与客观之间的矛盾、现象与实质之间的矛盾、人物内心世界的矛盾等等;此修辞手法乍看起来荒诞离奇,一加揣摩一切尽在情理之中,给人种别开生面的感觉。比如上文例子中"welcome"本意指"欢迎",既然是"欢迎"应该给人种热情亲切、暖洋洋的感觉;而作者却在其前用了"cold"一词修饰,可谓是发人深思、妙趣横生,让我们领略到这一修辞独特的艺术魅力。
再如:
1)living death 虽生犹死
deathless death 虽死犹生
hating love 充满恨的爱
dangerous clam 危险的和平气氛
inaudible uproar 听不见的喧嚣
a cold warm embrace 不冷不热的拥抱
love-hate relationship 又爱又恨的关系
life-death struggle 生死搏斗
a fire-water state 水火不容、势不两立的关系
2)I despise its very vastness and power. It has the poorest millionaires, the little great men, the haughtiest beggars, the plainest beauties, the lowest skyscrapers, and the dolefulness pleasures of any town I ever saw. (O.Henry)
O.Henry连续用了六个矛盾修辞,使它们平行列出,给人种连贯一气、一气呵成的感觉。他通过资本主义繁华富裕的表面。洞察到其空虚腐朽的实质。
3)The mother is undergoing the joyful pain and the painful joy of childbirth.
那位母亲正经历着分娩时那种快乐的痛苦以及痛苦的快乐。
例二:
Imagine their dismay when they found a beautifully-cooked wallet and notes turned to ash!(新概念第三册)
A few minutes later, I was able to hurry away with precious chalk marks on my baggage. (新概念第三册)
He was glad to get away with a mere twenty pounds and he beat a hasty retreat, clutching the precious bottle under his arm. (新概念第三册)
使用的修辞——反语
反语(Irony)即说反话,故意用与本意恰好相反的词语或者句子来表达本意。在一定的语言环境中,反语比正说或直说更有力量,这种反意正说、贬话褒说的手法能赋于语言更强烈的感情色彩以及表现张力。
比如上文第一句例句中的"beautifully-cooked" 这个词组很好的表现出了当时那对准夫妻的心态。他们眼看着一天辛辛苦苦赚来的钱就这么付之东流了,心情应该是沮丧的,但从beautifully-cooked这个词里丝毫看不出沮丧,反倒有点轻松的意味。作者这里恰恰用了反语的修辞手法,反语除了能起讽刺作用以外,在这里更加表达了作者一种善意的 幽默俏皮,营造轻松活泼的气氛。这样的写法反映出作者,或者更大一点说,老外那种积极乐观的人生态度,天塌下来了都不怕,灾难当头了还不忘记幽默一把。类似于这样的反语,在第二句例句里也得以充分体现:某人被海关怀疑藏有未经申报的物品,官员们把他拦下,双方折腾了很久才真相大白,他是冤枉的。在耽搁了那么长时间后,这个人匆匆忙忙地继续赶路,作者这样写道:hurry away with precious chalk marks on the baggage。其中precious一词即是反语修辞,表现出老外的那种乐观大度,风趣幽默,一场尴尬,一切不愉快,随着一个单词便烟消云散了。而第三句例句是相似道理:哈里经常在商店编造商品名,通过刁难营业员而寻求乐趣。有一天阴差阳错,营业员拿出了和哈里编造商品非常吻合的商品。哈里不得不花钱买下,然后带着这件"宝贵的"商品仓皇逃离。
再如:
It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.
要是早晨不知道是什么时间那才妙呢。
该例句的意思是:一个工人担心早晨不知道时间,上班迟到被开除。如果这种事情发生就"糟了"。可是字面意思却是"妙了"。这里的反语目的并不在于讽刺嘲弄,而在于增添幽默诙谐的情趣。
例三:
I had no sooner got back to the kitchen than the doorbell rang loud enough to wake the dead (新概念第二册)
We resolve to…… do a thousand and one jobs about the house……(新概念第三册)
The guests had, of course, realized this from the moment Bessie opened the door for them, and, long before the final catastrophe, had had a difficult time trying to conceal the amusement. (新概念第三册)
The girl, tears streaming down her face, begged to be allowed to slip into the guard's van.(新概念第三册)
使用的修辞——夸张
夸张(Hyperbole)又称为夸饰,即为了表达的需要,故意言过其实,对客观的事物或人物进行扩大或缩小的描述。
再如:
1)Splendid cheeses they were, ripe and mellow, and with a two-hundred horse-power scent about them that might have been warranted to carry three miles, and knock a man over at two-hundred yards.
这些奶酪又香又嫩,好极了。四溢的香气足有二百匹马力那么强大,管保三英里以外能闻到,二百码远处站着的人被熏倒。
作者巧妙地运用了三个数字来描写奶酪的香气,给人身临其境、如闻其味的美感。
2)Faustus Was this the face that launcht a thousand ships,
And burnt the topless Towers of Iliums?
Sweet Helen, make me immortal with a kiss:
Her lips suck forth my soul, see where it files.
浮士得 就是这张脸使千帆齐发,
看,她的嘴唇吸走了我的灵魂。
3)Seventy times have I told you not to be late.
我不知跟你说过多少次不要迟到。
4)His anger nearly burst his belly.
他气得肚子简直炸裂了。
5)Everyone was clapping their hands off.
每个人把手都拍下来了,即"每个人在热烈鼓掌"。
6)It was so hot a noon that the leaves had to gasp for breath.
那天中午,天气热得连树上的叶子也在喘气。
例四:
An individual human existence should be like a river--small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. ( 新概念第四册)
使用的修辞——扩喻
扩喻(Extended Metaphor)即隐喻的扩大形式,是一种结构松散,但比隐喻含义更明朗的比喻方式。而扩喻的特点是"喻体+延伸体(即引申扩展部分)"。实际上,延伸体仍然属于喻体的组成部分,其作用是辅助喻体描绘或说明主体。延伸体可以是词组,可以是从句,甚至可以是一段话(比如上文的例句中,破折号后面的一段话就是对喻体river的解释和补充,以辅助喻体对本体an individual human existence 进行更为具体、更为形象的描述)。
再如:
Laws are like cobwebs, where the small files are caught and the great break through.
法律如同蜘蛛网,小的蚊蝇给网捕住,大的则一冲而过。
where 从句 作为喻体的延伸部分,对主体进行更为深入透彻的理解。俗话说"法网恢恢,疏而不漏";但根据西方人的观点却是"只能扣住小鬼,却逮不住阎王",通过这一扩喻的使用,使人们对西方法律知识有了更深层的了解。
篇幅所限,本文仅列举一二,可谓书中只有颜如玉,若要领略英语之美,掌握修辞之意,不妨细细品读新概念教材,定会让你受益匪浅
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