2)I despise its very vastness and power. It has the poorest millionaires, the little great men, the haughtiest beggars, the plainest beauties, the lowest skyscrapers, and the dolefulness pleasures of any town I ever saw. (O.Henry)
比如上文第一句例句中的"beautifully-cooked" 这个词组很好的表现出了当时那对准夫妻的心态。他们眼看着一天辛辛苦苦赚来的钱就这么付之东流了,心情应该是沮丧的,但从beautifully-cooked这个词里丝毫看不出沮丧,反倒有点轻松的意味。作者这里恰恰用了反语的修辞手法,反语除了能起讽刺作用以外,在这里更加表达了作者一种善意的幽默俏皮,营造轻松活泼的气氛。这样的写法反映出作者,或者更大一点说,老外那种积极乐观的人生态度,天塌下来了都不怕,灾难当头了还不忘记幽默一把。类似于这样的反语,在第二句例句里也得以充分体现:某人被海关怀疑藏有未经申报的物品,官员们把他拦下,双方折腾了很久才真相大白,他是冤枉的。在耽搁了那么长时间后,这个人匆匆忙忙地继续赶路,作者这样写道:hurry away with precious chalk marks on the baggage。其中precious一词即是反语修辞,表现出老外的那种乐观大度,风趣幽默,一场尴尬,一切不愉快,随着一个单词便烟消云散了。而第三句例句是相似道理:哈里经常在商店编造商品名,通过刁难营业员而寻求乐趣。有一天阴差阳错,营业员拿出了和哈里编造商品非常吻合的商品。哈里不得不花钱买下,然后带着这件"宝贵的"商品仓皇逃离。
再如:
It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.
I had no sooner got back to the kitchen than the doorbell rang loud enough to wake the dead (新概念第二册)
We resolve to…… do a thousand and one jobs about the house……(新概念第三册)
The guests had, of course, realized this from the moment Bessie opened the door for them, and, long before the final catastrophe, had had a difficult time trying to conceal the amusement. (新概念第三册)
The girl, tears streaming down her face, begged to be allowed to slip into the guard's van.(新概念第三册)
夸张修辞常见又分为两种形式,其一是"利用数字或表示数量的词组进行夸张"(即上面第二句例句,其中的a thousand and one jobs意思就等同于many jobs);其二是"通过强化某些词语的语义进行夸张描述"(即上面第一句、第三句以及第四句例句,其中loud enough to wake the dead 、the final catastrophe以及 tears steaming down分别突出"声音之响的程度"、"蛋糕差点撞上姑姑这件事情的严重性"以及"眼泪哗哗直流的流量之大")。
再如:
1)Splendid cheeses they were, ripe and mellow, and with a two-hundred horse-power scent about them that might have been warranted to carry three miles, and knock a man over at two-hundred yards.
6)It was so hot a noon that the leaves had to gasp for breath.
那天中午,天气热得连树上的叶子也在喘气。
例四:
An individual human existence should be like a river--small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being. ( 新概念第四册)
使用的修辞——扩喻
扩喻(Extended Metaphor)即隐喻的扩大形式,是一种结构松散,但比隐喻含义更明朗的比喻方式。而扩喻的特点是"喻体+延伸体(即引申扩展部分)"。实际上,延伸体仍然属于喻体的组成部分,其作用是辅助喻体描绘或说明主体。延伸体可以是词组,可以是从句,甚至可以是一段话(比如上文的例句中,破折号后面的一段话就是对喻体river的解释和补充,以辅助喻体对本体an individual human existence 进行更为具体、更为形象的描述)。
再如:
Laws are like cobwebs, where the small files are caught and the great break through.
法律如同蜘蛛网,小的蚊蝇给网捕住,大的则一冲而过。
where 从句 作为喻体的延伸部分,对主体进行更为深入透彻的理解。俗话说"法网恢恢,疏而不漏";但根据西方人的观点却是"只能扣住小鬼,却逮不住阎王",通过这一扩喻的使用,使人们对西方法律知识有了更深层的了解。