各国节日5
2008-05-12 23:18:48
International Co-operative Day（国际合作节）
In 1921, at the International Co-operative Congress of World Co-op Leaders wanted to identify and define the growing co-operative movement's common values and ideals to help unite co-ops around the world. They decided to hold a special event to celebrate the movement's growing diversity.
Over several years various national movements were trying to register the Rainbow Flag as a trade mark, seeking ICA help in finding out arguments to prove that the flag is a distinctive（与众不同的、有特色的）symbol, reserved to the co-op movement. For us, co-operators it is, but in fact, it has never been registered as the ICA symbol. After the Basel Congress in 1921, which was the first congress to be held after an interruption of eight years caused by the Great World War and facing the new challenges in Europe, the ICA Executive Committee decided to devote some time to Co-operative Propaganda. The membership had grown dramatically, thus, the idea was to find a point of rally（集合、集会） which would give an identity to movements scattered（分散） from Japan to Canada. The political map, and most singularly（特别地，异常地）Europe's political map, changed to such an extension that it become urgent to find some common denominator（共同特性）for all the different co-operative traditions. At the same time the established co-operatives suffered attacks from fascist and communist In these troubled times, the ICA President, G.J.D.C. Goedhart, questioned himself on the causes which hinder the development of the co-op movement. He detected three: lack of information among the general public, lack of knowledge among members and finally lack of ideological commitment among managers. "What can be done to remedy （治疗、矫正）these evils? The best means seems to be by general propaganda which must bring to the minds and hearts of outsiders, as in a flash, vivid pictures of the Co-operative Movement, the ideals for which it stands, the real significance of its aims, and how it must necessary give us a much better human society than that in which we live." And already in 1922 the best support for publicity appeared to him to be a film. However, since not many societies could have supported such a financial investment, he suggested children's books, lantern slides （幻灯片）and other means of visual propaganda such as exhibitions. "Arrangements should also be made to hold a "Propaganda Day" or "Evening" in every country, town and village on the same day in order to draw the attention of the universe to what we are doing, and also to the whole world" A special "Co-operators' Day" is necessary for this purpose. You are, therefore, called upon to rally to the Standard of "Each for all, all for each" in a great International Demonstration on the First Saturday in July next, when the first organized attempt will be made to "broadcast" our rejoicings（欢庆）, our ideals, our successes, and our determination to pursue them to their ultimate goal. Bastille Day（法国国庆日） Bastille Day is a National holiday in France. It is very much like Independence Day in the United States because it is a celebration of the beginning of a new form of government. The Bastille was a prison in France that the kings and queens often used to lock up the people that did not agree with their decisions. To many, it was a symbol of all the bad things done by the kings and queens. So, on July 14, 1789, a large number of French citizens gathered together and stormed the Bastille. Just as the people in the United States celebrate the signing of the Declaration of Independence as the beginning of the American Revolution, so the people in France celebrate the storming of the Bastille as the beginning of the French Revolution. Both Revolutions brought great changes. Kings and queens no longer rule. The people rule themselves and make their own decisions. The representatives of the French people, organized as a National Assembly, believing that the ignorance, neglect, or contempt of the rights of man are the sole cause of public calamities and of the corruption of governments, have determined to set forth in a solemn declaration the natural, unalienable, and sacred rights of man, in order that this declaration, being constantly before all the members of the Social body, shall remind them continually of their rights and duties; in order that the acts of the legislative power, as well as those of the executive power, may be compared at any moment with the objects and purposes of all political institutions and may thus be more respected, and, lastly, in order that the grievances of the citizens, based hereafter upon simple and incontestable principles, shall tend to the maintenance of the constitution and redound to the happiness of all. Therefore the National Assembly recognizes and proclaims, in the presence and under the auspices of the Supreme Being, the following rights of man and of the citizen: 1 Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good. 2 The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescrīptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. 3. The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. No body nor individual may exercise any authoritywhich does not proceed directly from the nation. 4. Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else; hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights. These limits can only be determined by law. 5. Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society.Nothing may be prevented which is not forbidden by law, and no one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law. 6. Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has a right to participate personally, or through his representative, in its foundation. It must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. All citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations, according to their abilities, and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents. 7. No person shall be accused, arrested, or imprisoned except in the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law. Any one soliciting, transmitting, executing, or causing to be executed, any arbitrary order, shall be punished. But any citizen summoned or arrested in virtue of the law shall submit without delay, as resistance constitutes an offense. 8. The law shall provide for such punishments only as are strictly and obviously necessary, and no one shall suffer punishment except it be legally inflicted in virtue of a law passed and promulgated before the commission of the offense. 9. As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty, if arrest shall be deemed indispensable, all harshness not essential to the securing of the prisoner's person shall be severely repressed by law. 10. No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions, including his religious views, provided their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law. 11. The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law. 12. The security of the rights of man and of the citizen requires public military forces. These forces are, therefore, established for the good of all and not for the personal advantage of those to whom they shall be intrusted. 13. A common contribution is essential for the maintenance of the public forces and for the cost of administration. This should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in proportion to their means. 14. All the citizens have a right to decide, either personally or by their representatives, as to the necessity of the public contribution; to grant this freely; to know to what uses it is put; and to fix the proportion, the mode of assessment and of collection and the duration of the taxes. 15. Society has the right to require of every public agent an account of his administration. 16. A society in which the observance of the law is not assured, nor the separation of powers defined, has no constitution at all. 17. Since property is an inviolable and sacred right, no one shall be deprived thereof except where public necessity, legally determined, shall clearly demand it, and then only on condition that the owner shall have been previously and equitably indemnified. The above document was written by The Marquis de Lafayette, with help from his friend and neighbor, American envoy to France, Thomas Jefferson. Lafayette, you may recall, had come to the Colonies at age 19, been commissioned a Major General, and was instrumental in the defeat of the British during the American Revolutionary War. He considered one special man his 'father':George Washington. French King Louis XVI signed this document, under duress, but never intended to support it. Indeed, the Revolution in France soon followed, leading to the tyrannical rule of Napolean Bonaparte. Kyoto Gion Festival（日本京都祗园祭） The ancient capital of Japan, Kyoto （京都） is taken back in time during the Gion festival （祗园祭） by Yasaka shrine (八阪神社, gion was the old name of this shrine.) Gion festival is one of the biggest festivals in Japan.
This Japanese festival begins July 1st and lasts until July 31st. At this time, there are many street vendors with games and Japanese festival food. Also, many people who go to this festival wear yukata (浴衣) and geta （木屐）, which are traditional Japanese outfits. It is said that the summer of Kyoto begins with the Gion Matsuri （祗园祭）. It is a traditional summer festivity. Gion festival was started in 869 A.D when a bad plague （瘟疫） spread through Kyoto. In the first festival, young men carried numbers of wooden floats. It was a divine intervention to stop the plague. The plague soon ended, and this event became a popular festival. In the Edo Era （江户时代）, the current form of the decorated floats appeared in the festival. There are many events held during this festival, but the highlights are Yoi-yama （宵山祭） on the 16th and Yamahoko-junko （山牟巡行） on the 17th. At Yoi-yama, people open the doors of their houses to show their treasured old folding screens. Yamahoko-junko is the parade of colorful floats （彩车） through downtown Kyoto. The floats are pulled through the streets by teams of men dressed in traditional costumes. Each of the large floats carries musicians. There are two kinds of floats: yama （山） and hook （牟）. Yama are smaller floats (weight: 1.2 ton - 1.6 ton, height: about 6m) and carried by people on their shoulders. Hoko are giant floats (weight: 4.8 ton - 12 ton, height: about 25m) on large wooden wheels and pulled by people. There are 32 floats in the parade: 25 yama floats and 7 hoko floats. The floats are decorated with tapestries or fabrics from Nishijin （西阵）, Kyoto. Many of them were imported from India, Belgium, Persia, Turkey and other countries in the 15th century. US Independence Day（美国国庆日） Independence Day is the national holiday of the United States of America commemorating the signing of the Declaration of Independence by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
In April 1775 as the King's troops advanced on Concord Massachusetts Paul Revere would sound the alarm that "The British are coming, the British are coming" as he rode his horse through the late night streets. The battle of Concord and its "shot heard round the world" would mark the unofficial beginning of the colonies war for Independence. The following May the colonies again sent delegates to the Second Continental Congress. For almost a year the congress tried to work out its differences with England, again without formally declaring war. By June 1776 their efforts had become hopeless and a committee was formed to compose a formal declaration of independence. Headed by Thomas Jefferson, the committee included John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Philip Livingston and Roger Sherman. Thomas Jefferson was chosen to write the first draft which was presented to the congress on June 28. After various changes a vote was taken late in the afternoon of July 4th. Of the 13 colonies, 9 voted in favor of the Declaration, 2 - Pennsylvania and South Carolina voted No, Delaware undecided and New York abstained. And although the signing of the Declaration was not completed until August, the 4th of July has been accepted as the official anniversary of United States independence. The first Independence Day celebration took place the following year - July 4 1777. By the early 1800s the traditions of parades, picnics, and fireworks were established as the way to celebrate America's birthday. And although fireworks have been banned in most places because of their danger, most towns and cities usually have big firework displays for all to see and enjoy. Pamplola Bull-running Fiesta（西班牙奔牛节） Every year from July 6 through 14, hundreds of thousands of revelers, dancing to traditional pipe bands, pack into the center of Pamplona to kick off Spain's most famous bull-running fiesta in honor of the Navarre capital's patron saint, San Fermin. Spain stages more than 3,000 fiestas a year--everything from fire walking to goat-throwing--but nine days of partying and running with the bulls at Pamplona still triumphs in terms of spectacle and recklessness.
The San Fermin festival is reported to have began in 1591 when its purpose was purely practical, to move the bulls to the arena. The difference was that then only a handful of daring souls ran the gauntlet in front of the frenzied beasts. The tradition was immortalized in Ernest Hemingway's novel The Sun Also Rises in 1926, after which time many more foreigners began attending the festival and running with the bulls.
In Essen, Germany in 1922, ICA （国际合作联盟）leaders made plans for the very first international "Co-operators' Day" which was held in July 1923. Since then, on the first Saturday every July, International Co-operative Day has been celebrated. The day is a chance for co-op members and supporters to work together and promote the co-op movement's successes and ideals of international solidarity（团结）, economic efficiency, equality, and world peace. To celebrate the Centennial（百年纪念）of the International Co-operative Alliance, the United Nations declared in 1995 that the first Saturday of July to be celebrated as the United Nations International Day of Co-operatives and requested all member governments to join with their co-operative movements to celebrate the day.
parties both of which claimed "property rights" on co-op doctrine（主义、学说）and incidentally on co-op assets.
At one time in France, kings and queens ruled. Many people were very angry with the decisions made by the kings and queens.
At the time of the signing the US consisted of 13 colonies under the rule of England's King George III. There was growing unrest in the colonies concerning the taxes that had to be paid to England. This was commonly referred to as "Taxation without Representation" as the colonists did not have any representation in the English Parliament and had no say in what went on. As the unrest grew in the colonies, King George sent extra troops to help control any rebellion. In 1774 the 13 colonies sent delegates to Philadelphia Pennsylvania to form the First Continental Congress. The delegates were unhappy with England, but were not yet ready to declare war.
Soon after daybreak on July 7, brave runners (some might say stupid runners) dash ahead of fighting bulls as they run 825 meters (half a mile) between the corral where the bulls are kept to the bull ring where they will be killed by matadors later in the day. Runners aim to feel the breath of the bulls on their backs, and some even goad the animals by swatting them with rolled up newspapers--all while trying to avoid being gored or trampled.
推荐 收藏 导入论坛 等级(0) 编辑 管理 查看(1) 评论(0) 评分(0/0)
TAG: