女神阿芙洛狄特
2008-05-12 23:42:46
女神阿芙洛狄特
because in 1820, a peasant had found it on the Greek island of Melos and it was named after the island where it was found. 译文： Cambridge University 剑桥大学 The University of Cambridge is one of the oldest universities in the world, and one of the largest in the United Kingdom. It has a world-wide reputation for outstanding academic achievement and the high quality of research undertaken in a wide range of science and arts subjects. The University pioneers work in the understanding of disease, the creation of new materials, advances in telecommunications and research into the origins of the universe. It trains doctors, vets, architects, engineers and teachers. At all levels about half of the students at Cambridge study arts and humanities subjects, many of whom have gone on to become prominent figures in the arts, print and broadcast media. The University's achievements in the sciences can be measured by the sixty or more Nobel Prizes awarded to its members over the years. Roman Colosseum 意大利罗马大斗兽场 The Colosseum or Flavian Amphitheater was begun by Vespasian, inaugurated by Titus in 80 A.D. and completed by Domitian. Located on marshy land between the Esquiline and Caelian Hills, it was the first permanent amphitheater to be built in Rome. Its monumental size and grandeur as well as its practical and efficient organization for producing spectacles and controlling the large crowds make it one of the great architectural monuments achieved by the ancient Romans. 埃及出土3600年历史的法老塑像 Buried for nearly 3,600 years, a rare statue of Egypt's King Neferhotep I has been brought to light in the ruins of Thebes by a team of French archaeologists. Officials said on Saturday that the statue was unusual in that the king is depicted holding hands with a double of himself, although the second part of the carving remains under the sand and its form has been determined by the use of imaging equipment. Archeologists unearthed the 1.8 metre (six foot) tall statue, as they were carrying out repairs around Karnak Temple in the southern city of Luxor, Egypt's antiquities chief Zahi Hawass told reporters. Francois Larche, one of the team that found the limestone statue of the king, whose name means "beautiful and good", said it was lying about 1.6 metres below ground near an obelisk of Queen Hatshepsut, the only woman to have reigned as a pharoah in Egypt, ruling from 1504-1484 BC. Karnak, now in the heart of Luxor, was built on the ruins of Thebes, the capital of ancient Egypt. The huge temple dedicated to the god Amon lies in the heart of a vast complex of religious buildings in the city, 700 kilometres (435 miles) south of Cairo. The statue shows the king wearing a funeral mask and royal head cloth or nemes, said Larche. The forehead bears an emblem of a cobra, which ancient Egyptians used as a symbol on the crown of the pharaohs. They believed that the cobra would spit fire at approaching enemies. Larche said this was only the second time such a statue had been found in Egypt. A similar one was dug up during the excavations of the hidden treasures of Karnak from 1898 to 1904. But it is not clear when or if the statue will be completely unearthed. It is blocked by the remnants of an ancient structure, possibly a gate. "In order to pull it out, a structure on top of the statue has to be dismantled and then restored," said Larche, adding that permission from the Egyptian antiquities authorities was needed before the team could go ahead with plans to raise the statue. "It's up to the Higher Council of Egyptian Antiquities to decide on the fate of the statue of Neferhotep I and whether it will be brought to light or left buried where it was found." Neferhotep was the 22nd king of the 13th Dynasty. The son of a temple priest in Abydos, he ruled Egypt from 1696-1686 BC. Experts believe his father's position helped him to ascend the throne, as there was no royal blood in his family. Neferhotep was one of the few pharaohs whose name did not invoke the sun god, Re. It is written on a number of stones, including a document on his reign found in Aswan. 日前，一只法国考古队在埃及南方古城卢克索出土了一尊约有3600年历史的古埃及法老耐夫侯特普一世的石灰岩塑像。 据法新社6月4日报道，埃及最高文物委员会主席哈瓦斯当日表示，这尊塑像非同寻常，其造型为两个耐夫侯特普一世手牵手的样子；尽管耐夫侯特普一世塑像的第2部分还未出土，但通过仪器探测已经确定了它的外形。 考古队在维修位于卢克索的卡尔纳克神庙附近地区时发现了这尊高达1.8米的耐夫侯特普一世塑像。据考古队成员拉奇介绍说，这尊塑像被埋藏在古埃及女法老哈奇苏特的方尖碑附近地区1.6米深处。塑像上，耐夫侯特普一世的前额处有一个眼镜蛇图案。古埃及认为，眼镜蛇可以在袭击敌人时喷射火焰，因此它是古埃及法老王冠的标志物。 但何时出土塑像的第2部分还不得而知。拉奇说，塑像的剩余部分被一座据推测是一扇门的建筑物挡在了地下，“为了把它拖出来，顶部的建筑物必须先被拆除然而再复原”，因此是否将塑像第2部分挖掘出来还要由埃及最高文物委员会来决定。 报道说，这是第2次在埃及发掘出耐夫侯特普一世塑像。1898年至1904年，考古队在挖掘埋藏在卡尔纳克神庙附近地区的宝藏时，也出土过一尊纳弗尔霍太普一世塑像。 耐夫侯特普一世是古埃及第13王朝(公元前1783年至公元前1640年)第22位国王，其统治时期为公元前1696年至公元前1686年。这位国王的父亲是一座神庙的大祭司。在古代埃及，神庙大祭司代表国王行使宗教职责，享有很大的权力。因此，考古学家认为，耐夫侯特普一世的父亲帮助了没有王室血统的耐夫侯特普一世继承了王位。耐夫侯特普意为”美丽和善良”。报道说，耐夫侯特普一世是埃及少有的几个在名字里没有涉及到太阳神的。
The statue shows Aphrodite semi-nude and with a robe wrapped around her legs. For hundreds of years the statue had remained buried in an underground cavern. On account of this, the statue had suffered significant damage and it was found in two parts. Later it was replaced together and sent to France, because the Marquis de Riviere had brought the statue and had given it to Louis XVIII of France. Pieces of arms and a pedestal with an inscrīption, were also found in the cave, but these were later lost and never found again.
No one knows who created the statue of the Aphrodite of Melos. It is probably the work of the Greek artist Alexandros of Antioch. This name was inscribed on the block of stone on the pedestal that was later lost, but this is doubted from scholars because it may not have been the corrected block with the Venus de Milo, so this had erased the attribution to Alexandros. Some scholars had attributed the work of the statue to Praxiteles. It is said that it was sculpted around the second century B.C.
“米洛的阿芙洛狄特”是由大理石制成的，惟妙惟肖地刻画了女神阿芙洛狄特。在1820年，一位农民在希腊的米洛岛上发现了这尊雕像，此后它就以这个岛而得名，被称为“米洛的维纳斯”。
雕像展示了阿芙洛狄特半裸的形象，一条长袍遮住了她的双腿。数百年来，这尊雕像被深埋于一个地下洞穴中。因此，雕像严重受损，当它被发现时已经断为两截。后来它被修复在一起，并送往了法国，因为马尔凯斯?德里维尔已购买了这尊雕像，把它送给法国国王路易十八。在洞中也发现了雕像胳膊和刻有铭文的底座的残片，但是后来这些东西均被丢失，而且从此再未找到过。
没有人知道谁创作了雕像“米洛的维纳斯”。它可能是希腊雕刻家，安屈克亚的亚历山德罗斯的作品。因为在那块后来丢失的雕像底座上刻着这个名字，但是学者们对此表示怀疑，因为这可能不是真正的“米洛的维纳斯”的底座，这就使亚历山德罗斯是否是雕像的作者产生置疑。一些学者认为这尊雕像是普拉克西特利斯的作品。它据说是作于公元前2世纪左右。
The University is a self-governing body: the legislative authority is the Regent House, which consists of the three thousand or so members of the teaching and administrative staff of the University and Colleges who have the MA (or MA status) or a higher degree. The principal administrative body of the University is the Council, which consists mainly of members of the academic staff elected by the Regent House. The General Board of the Faculties co-ordinates the educational policy of the University and the Finance Committee of the Council supervises its financial affairs.
As Cambridge approaches its eight hundredth anniversary in 2009, it is looking to the future. The modern University is an international centre of teaching and research in a vast range of subjects: about half of the students study science or technology. Members of the University have won over sixty Nobel Prizes.
It continues to change in response to the challenges it faces. The Vice-Chancellor, for instance, is no longer a Head of College, but is a full-time administrative appointment. A Development Office and associated charitable foundation is successfully seeking funds around the world for new ventures. The 1990s have seen a major expansion of University accommodation for teaching and research. There are many major new buildings either underway or already completed, including the Law Faculty building and the Judge Institute of Management Studies, in March 1996 opened by HM The Queen.
The amphitheater is a vast ellipse with tiers of seating for 50,000 spectators around a central elliptical arena. Below the wooden arena floor, there was a complex set of rooms and passageways for wild beasts and other provisions for staging the spectacles. Eighty walls radiate from the arena and support vaults for passageways, stairways and the tiers of seats. At the outer edge circumferential arcades link each level and the stairways between levels.
The three tiers of arcades are faced by three-quarter columns and entablatures, Doric in the first story, Ionic in the second, and Corinthian in the third. Above them is an attic story with Corinthian pilasters and small square window openings in alternate bays. At the top brackets and sockets carry the masts from which the velarium, a canopy for shade, was suspended.
The construction utilized a careful combination of types: concrete for the foundations, travertine for the piers and arcades, tufa infill between piers for the walls of the lower two levels, and brick-faced concrete used for the upper levels and for most of the vaults.
Details
The Colosseum was designed to hold 50,000 spectators, and it had approximately eighty entrances so crowds could arrive and leave easily and quickly.
The plan is a vast ellipse, measuring externally 188 m x 156 m (615 ft x 510 ft), with the base of the building covering about 6 acres. Vaults span between eighty radial walls to support tiers of seating and for passageways and stairs.
The facade of three tiers of arches and an attic story is about 48.5 m (158 ft) tall — roughly equivalent to a 12-15 story building. 
埃及出土3600年历史的法老塑像(图)
推荐 收藏 导入论坛 等级(0) 编辑 管理 查看(3) 评论(0) 评分(0/0)
TAG: