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• Peter Hessler

  2009-2-21

  Peter Hessler is a Beijing correspondent for the New Yorker. A native of Columbia, Missouri, he studied English literature at Princeton and Oxford before going to China as a Peace Corps volunteer in 1996. His two year experience of teaching English in Fuling, a town on the Yangtze, inspired River Town, his critically acclaimed first book. After finishing his Peace Corps stint, Hessler wrote freelance pieces for Atlantic Monthly and the New York Times before returning to China in 1999 as a Beijing-based freelance writer. There he wrote for newspapers like the Asian Wall Street Journal, the Boston Globe and the South China Morning Post before moving on to magazine work for National Geographic and the New Yorker.

  How did you get started traveling?

  My family always traveled a fair amount when I was growing up — long driving trips to different parts of America, the sort of travel that is familiar to many Midwestern childhoods. And I spent part of my second grade year in Sweden, where my father was on sabbatical as a professor of sociology.

  But apart from that experience I saw little of the world outside of America, until 1992, when I received a scholarship to attend graduate school at Oxford. That was really the start of my international experiences — I lived cheaply at Oxford and picked up odd jobs and the occasional freelance writing gig, and this allowed me to travel extensively in Europe and Asia. During those two years I visited something like 30 countries — Oxford was very generous with its vacation time, and I traveled cheaply, using rail-passes and camping a lot. I finished in '94 and decided to go home around the world — an unplanned trip that started in Prague and continued by land and boat all the way to Thailand, via Russia and China. After returning from that trip, I freelanced and took other trips, including a long hike across Switzerland — in the summer of '95 I received a grant to hike across the country, and I spent two months camping and hiking in the mountains, from the French border to the Italian border.

  But during that period I found myself always thinking about returning to Asia, but I decided that I wanted to live somewhere, work a regular job, and learn the language. The Peace Corps had always appealed to me and I joined in '96, when I was sent to a small city in southwestern China. I taught English and American literature at a teachers college that trained future teachers of English.

  How did you get started writing?

  Since I was a sophomore in high school I knew that I wanted to be a writer. I'm not sure where this interest came from; I didn't come from a family of writers, but nevertheless I always knew that was what I wanted to do. I think much of it had to do with the encouragement of my high school English teachers, who recognized my interest in literature and writing and encouraged me. At college I majored in creative writing; I specialized in fiction and originally had no interest in nonfiction writing. I never wrote for a college newspaper or magazine; I saw myself as a future novelist and professor of English. But during my junior year I took a course in nonfiction creative writing, taught by John McPhee, and for the first time I realized that nonfiction interested me. And soon it became pragmatic: I found myself in parts of the world where I could find interesting stories, and it was an easy way to make spending money. By the time I finished grad school I realized that I wanted to try and write nonfiction for my career.

  What do you consider your first "break" as a travel writer?

  Again, some of these teachers I had in high school and college were probably 'breaks' of a sort — in that they helped me realize possibilities in writing. But from a publishing point of view, my first serious story was published in '95, when I wrote an essay about taking the trans-Siberian train from Moscow to Beijing. I sent it to the New York Times and they published it; I was surprised because I knew nobody there and just sent it to a name on the masthead. After that, I did another half-dozen or so stories for them, over a period of four years or so. It wasn't a lot of writing, but in a sense it was important to me because during those years I was often in very remote areas, especially during the Peace Corps. Publishing those travel pieces in the Times was a way of reminding me that there was a writing world out there. And I was fortunate because the Times was very patient with the logistical difficulties — I had no Internet access and had to take a bus into town to get a fax. In retrospect I'm surprised they were patient enough to work with me, even sporadically; we never met in person during that time and it was always a struggle to edit stories. I don't think they knew how much those pieces meant to me as links to the writing world.

  Apart from that, my first break was writing my book about my experience in the Peace Corps. Books are critical to freelancers — I had always heard this from my teachers in college, and now I know why they always emphasized it so much. First, it's a way of having complete control over your writing — magazine and newspaper pieces are always being edited and cut down, whereas a writer always has the final say over what goes in his book. And a book also makes a huge difference in your future writing projects; it gives you more legitimacy if you're trying to live the freelance life.

  My experience writing the book was pretty simple — at the end of my two years in the Peace Corps, I decided to try and write a book, and I spent four months writing. I wrote the thing in its entirety and sent it off to agents, most of whom weren't interested. But two were, and I went to New York and chose one, William Clark, who sold it to HarperCollins within a week. Up until that point, I had been looking for full-time journalism jobs, but getting the advance convinced me to try freelance instead. That's what I'm still doing today.

  As a traveler and fact/story-gatherer, what is your biggest challenge on the road?

  Nowadays I write mostly about China, where I live, and I'm quite comfortable traveling there. I've been in the country for almost five years now, speak decent Chinese, and I travel by about every means imaginable — I've done stories about boat and train rides, and I also have a Chinese drivers license and am currently working on some road trip stories. So things like language and culture aren't major problems. Instead, the biggest hassles are political. In China, to be a full-time resident writer you need to have a journalist accreditation and visa; this means that you are the official representative of a foreign magazine or newspaper or news agency. It takes an enormous amount of paperwork but you're at risk if you stay long-term in the country without it — the government can throw you out if you write something that makes them unhappy (and a lot of stories do, of course). Once you have the journalist license, though, you have more security — you might get criticized by the foreign ministry, but it's rare for them to toss you out, because it becomes a diplomatic event — bad PR for the People's Republic. I'm currently registered as the New Yorker's Beijing correspondent.

  But the drawback is that the j-visa goes in your passport, which means that every time you register at a Chinese hotel they know a journalist is in town. Generally they will report to the local police, who may or may not check you out. Often it means that you can't stay in a town for very long; as a result, journalists tend to pop out for quick trips. But I've always preferred long, unstructured research trips, which can be hard when I'm carrying the j-visa. Recently I drove solo across the north for two weeks, and my trip was cut short when a local police department caught me through the registration system. They kicked me out — but they phoned ahead to the next town, and the next day the exact same thing happened to me. I ended up getting run out of the province, and it was frustrating and exhausting; finally I just went back to Beijing. In those situations it's particularly frustrating because my research wasn't in any sense critical or unfair; in general I try to write about everyday life in China and I'm less concerned with politics than most journalists.

  What is your biggest challenge in the writing process?

  I'd say my biggest writing challenge involves juggling projects. I'm generally working on several stories at once, and I prefer to do long features that are loose and uncertain — often I have no idea how long I'll research them; I prefer to see stories develop organically. I think it's good from a research point of view but logistically it can get complicated.

  This year I was also flooded with work, because I've been changing my work routines, and it's been a bit wearing sorting that out. I used to do quite a bit of newspaper and shorter magazine features, but now I'm shifting to writing long features for primarily two magazines — the New Yorker and National Geographic. I'm shifting to a routine where I write maybe 6 to 8 features a year, which will give me time to do other books. It's the right routine for me, but it's taken time to clear out some of the other commitments, and that's made for a busy year. I think that any time you're making a change in your freelance projects you're going to find yourself quite busy.

  What is your biggest challenge from a business standpoint?

  This is probably the least problematic part of my career as a freelancer. One of the real benefits of working in China is that living expenses are very low, so I've never felt financial pressure since I returned in '99. Often I wasn't making much money, but it didn't matter because my daily routines are so simple and inexpensive. It's a tradeoff — China is more complicated from a political point of view, but financially it's simple. Personally, I'd prefer the political complications to the financial hassles — regardless of how annoying they may be, they are always a window into how this place works. And it's interesting material as a writer — often in my stories I've included details about how the Chinese respond to a journalist.

  I'm not married and have no children, so that makes things a bit easier. My agent handles my book contracts and some of the magazine financial arrangements, which also helps.

  As far as editors go, I work with one editor at the New Yorker and one at National Geographic, and over the years we've gotten to know each other. Those are comfortable relationships and I'm glad that it's not a source of stress — it often is in these circles.

  Do you do other work to make ends meet?

  Since '99 I've freelanced full-time. Before that, I taught part- or full-time.

  What travel authors or books might you recommend and/or have influenced you?

  I recently enjoyed "Red Dust," a travel book by a Chinese poet named Ma Jian — he started traveling because he got into political trouble in the late '80's. It's an interesting counterpoint to so many Western travel books, which often stem from more personal issues. Lots of books open with the writer telling you that he's just had a divorce, or lost his job, or something of the sort, and it's interesting to read one by an author who was in serious trouble, the sort of trouble that could have sent him to jail.

  I enjoy a lot of Paul Theroux's travel books — at his best, he writes so fluently and without pretense. I enjoyed "The Great Railway Bazaar," "Riding the Iron Rooster," and "The Happy Isles of Oceania." I also respect the way that he's willing to let his less charitable side show through — unlike a lot of memoirists, he doesn't just want the reader to see him at his best.

  Bruce Chatwin wrote some excellent books, very impressionistic and beautiful. A book like "In Patagonia" slips along without the reader realizing just how carefully it's structured and written, and I admire that — it's not plot-driven in the traditional sense, but it moves along beautifully. A lot of trips are like that — it's not always the destination that counts.

  William Least Heat-Moon is a writer from my hometown, Columbia, Missouri, and he's written some great books. "Blue Highways" is about crossing small-town America, and "Prairie Earth" is about a place in Kansas. These are both great books and together they show how one writer shifted subjects gracefully — from a book about movement to a book about one specific place.

  Truman Capote has always been one of my favorite authors — "The Muses Are Heard" is a wonderfully funny portrait of an American drama troupe entering Cold War-era Russia. He has lots of beautiful small pieces about Italy and Greece and New Orleans; he's brilliant at capturing the moment. And I read and re-read Joseph Conrad, because in a sense he was the original foreign correspondent, a rare writer who grasped issues of cultural conflicts that many of today's commentators still don't understand. "Under Western Eyes" and "The Secret Agent" are incredibly insightful about terrorism — and they're nearly one hundred years old.

  What advice and/or warnings would you give to someone who is considering going into travel writing?

  Personally I think there's a risk of always being on the move and never getting to know a place well. This is part of why my routines have shifted over the past five years, as I've committed myself to writing primarily about China.

  The downside to this, of course, is that you can get too focused and lose perspective on where that corner of the world fits into the larger picture. This is something I struggle with — I'm trying to expand and write more about other countries, but it's hard because I don't feel the same confidence when I leave China. Ideally I'd like to have two writing projects a year outside of China — this past year I only had one, and it was in Mongolia — not exactly an enormous step away from China. I'd say that this is my biggest weakness as a writer, although it also stems from my biggest strength — the fact that I have a China background deep enough to allow me to explore the small corners. I wrote a book about a small town that few people have heard of, and I wrote a 9,000-word feature about an average factory worker in Shenzhen.

  It's always a tradeoff, and I think about these issues a lot. I feel like I might have another two years of China writing and then it would be good to move to a different place, to get a fresh perspective and make sure things aren't becoming stale.

  What is the biggest reward of life as a travel writer?

  Freedom. Since I graduated in '94, I've never had a 'real job,' apart from the Peace Corps, and I've found time to write about the things I care about. My coverage depends on my personal interests, not the interests of a publication or an editor. I feel like I have real control over my work and my living routines, and that means an enormous amount to me.

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• The crisis factors

  2008-10-31

  From beijing review：

  Originating in the subprime mortgage crisis, the U.S. financial crisis has developed into the most severe financial disaster since the Great Depression (1929-33). It is also spreading worldwide, wreaking havoc on the real economy. Its implications for the U.S. presidential election are not to be underestimated.

  由于次贷危机的影响，美国的金融危机几经发展成自1929年的经济大萧条以来最严重的经济风暴。它已经蔓延到世界的其他地区，对经济实体造成了严重的破坏。它对美国总统选举的影响也不容忽视。

  Since the Great Depression brought traditional laissez-faire policy to an end, the government has been charged with regulating the economy and preventing and mitigating economic crises. As a result, presidential candidates always include economic issues in their platforms. Their evaluations of the market may affect its development, though not as directly as the incumbent president's, because market players are fully aware that their views will determine future government policy. Economic volatility also galvanizes voters. 上次的经济大萧条时期，结束了自由放松的政策。政府对调节经济，阻止和缓解金融危机有着很大的操纵指导作用。所以总统候选人在他们的演说中也会涉及到经济的观念。虽然他们并没有直接履行总统的义务，他们对市场的评价会影响市场的发展，因为市场的人士认为他们的观点将会直接影响到未来政府的政策，经济的波动也会激起投票人士的决定。

   

  Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama and his Republican rival John McCain are currently vying to sell their viewpoints on crisis response and rescue to American voters. President George W. Bush does not want to end his final term as a failure either, although he has led the United States into exhausting wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and created a deep divide in the Western world. He is using the financial crisis to foster an image of a strong, effective leader. He consulted the presidential hopefuls while devising rescue policies that would win support from both political parties. For example, the White House invited Obama and McCain, as well as other influential congressmen and senators, to take part in discussions before it submitted the $700 billion rescue package to Congress for approval.

  美国民主党派的候选人奥巴马和他的共和党派的竞争者麦克恩日前竞相对经济危机的影响回发表自己的观点，并且可以挽回一些选票。虽然美国总统布什曾经使美国一再卷入和阿富汗以及伊朗没有中止的战争中并且在西方世界中产生了一个很大的分歧，但他并不想以一个失败者的身份结束他最后一伦的任期。但他策划自救政策来赢得两个党派的支持时，他请教了2个总统候选人。比方说白宫在拿出了7000亿美元来支持国会前，邀请了奥巴马和麦克恩以及其他有影响力的国会和议员们参与讨论。

  Central bank demystified

  中央银行的非神秘化

  As a rule, an economic crisis prior to a presidential election puts the ruling party's candidate at a disadvantage. It is generally assumed that the party in power is responsible for the economic recession and that the candidate of that party supports its policies. To enhance the electoral chances of his party's candidate, the incumbent president usually tries to stimulate economic growth using various policy tools.

  通常，在总统选举之前的一次经济危机投入判决党派的候选人处于不利地位。据推测，有控制力的那个党派对经济衰退有一定的责任，并且那个党派的候选人也会支持它的政策。为了提高党派的选举机会，总统的候选人通常试用各种工具来刺激经济的增长。

  Between the two main macroeconomic policy tools-fiscal policy and monetary policy-the latter is key to curbing inflation. To prevent economic instability caused by improper governmental interference, an increasing number of countries have made their central bank independent.

  两个主要的宏观经济政策——财政政策和货币政策。货币政策是抑制经济膨胀的关键。由于不合理的政府干预导致的经济不稳定性，很多国家开始实行中央银行独立自主性。

  Nevertheless, the independence of central banks is limited. Central bankers have to coordinate their actions with the political conditions at the time. If they run into conflicts with political leaders, they may risk undermining the central bank's independence and influence. The U.S. Federal Reserve System was not established until 1913. It became increasingly powerful as President Franklin Roosevelt introduced the New Deal in the 1930s before gaining independent status in 1951.

  虽然如此，中央银行的自主性仍然受到限制，中央银行在一定的时期内把他们的行动和政府的条件协调起来，到1913年美国建立了联邦存储系统，当富兰克林总统在1951年之前赢得独立地位之前，他在30年代的经济危机中实行了新政，并且变得越来越强有力.

  Although it formulates monetary policy "independently," the U.S. Federal Reserve operates under influence from the president, Congress and upcoming presidential elections. Monetary policy, the performance of the money market and interest rates all hinge on the government's budget, expenditures, tax revenue and deficits. Instead of passively accepting the current monetary policy, the government often demands that the central bank adjust monetary policy according to its own decisions. Indeed, central bankers have to rely on political leaders to make their policies work. An independent central bank is, to a large extent, an illusion created by politicians so they can easily shift the blame to central bankers when the economy slumps.

  虽然形成了独立的财政政策，但美国的联邦储存局的管理仍然在总统，国会和总统大选中受到影响。货币政策是金融市场的表现，而利率则和政府的预算，经费，税收和赤字紧密相连。我们不能被动的接受现行的货币政策，政府经常要求中央银行根据自己的决策来调整货币政策。其实中央银行家必须要依赖政治领导人做他们的政治工作。，独立的中央银行，在很大程度上，是当经济陷落时，由政客们产生的错误的观念很容易的转移责备到银行家们的身上~

  The U.S. Federal Reserve, now led by Ben Bernanke, has taken extraordinary measures to cope with the current financial crisis. It tried to mitigate the lack of liquidity and rein in the credit crunch by adjusting interest rates and providing financing. As the root cause of the U.S. financial crisis lies in the inefficient regulation of financial institutions and their collapsing balance sheets, the Treasury, which is responsible for regulating financial institutions, infusing them with new capital and purchasing non-performing credit assets, should play a bigger role.

  由本•伯南克领导的美国联邦储存局已经采取了极力的措施才应对这场金融危机。它设法通过调整利率和提供财务来缓和流动资产和控制信贷紧缩。因为美国金融危机的根本原因是财政机构的无效的管理和崩溃的资产负债表，国债，对于调节着金融机构有着重要的作用，它给财政机构注入了新的资本，购买了不用履行合同的信用资本，因此国债应该扮演着越来越大的角色。

  Unlike President Herbert Hoover, who was slow to action when the Great Depression began in 1929, the Bush administration is a major rescuer this time around. In this context, what the presidential candidates can do is to convince voters that they have better ways of addressing the crisis. Their views may well change with the passage of time. In his book The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in the New World published last year, Alan Greenspan celebrated the magic of financial markets while condemning the stupidity of those who favor regulation. McCain, who held Greenspan in high esteem, said in October 2007 that as president he would appoint the former Federal Reserve chairman to lead a review of the nation's tax code. However, as Greenspan's reputation declines, McCain has transformed from a conservative touting laissez-faire policy into a supporter of regulation.

  不像胡佛总统在1929年的经济大萧条时行动缓慢，布什政府在这个时期是主要的救世主。在这样的环境中，总统候选人能做的就是征服那些投票的人，他们有更好的办法来解决这次的金融危机，可能随着时间的推移，他们的观点就会很好的改变。

  艾伦·格林斯潘去年出版了他写的一本书《混乱时代-新世界的探险》当责怪那些热衷于调节的那些人的愚蠢行为，他强调了金融市场的神奇性。麦克恩他高度重视艾伦，格林斯，早在07年的十月他说作为一个总统，他将会任命前联邦的存储局主席带领大家回顾税务章程。然而当艾伦，格林斯的名声下降，麦克恩从保守的招徕的自由放任政策转变到章程里支持者。

  Global repercussions

  全球的不良影响

  Lavishly paid executives at the financial institutions that caused the crisis have been vilified by Americans and Europeans. The dominant public opinion is that Wall Street executives shouldn't receive taxpayer money to save their ailing businesses while pocketing tens or hundreds of millions of dollars in salary or bonus. This explains why U.S. congressmen and senators, including Obama, McCain and Christopher Dodd, who chairs the Senate Banking Committee, support the rescue program but at the same time call for executive salary caps.

  在金融机构中奢侈的支付行为，它被认为导致了金融危机。如今这种行为被美国人和其他的欧洲人所谩骂。公众的主要认为华尔街的高管们不应该当拔窃数亿或十亿的工资和奖金同时还通过获取纳税人的金钱来挽回濒临的经济危机。这就解释了为什么美国国会议员，参议员包括奥巴马，麦克恩和陶德，他们担任参议院银行委员会，支持救援计划，但同时要求行政工资帽了。

   

  In fact, some policies that strike a chord with the public at present may not be feasible in the long run. Politicians in favor of these policies may not truly believe in them, either, but they know that the smartest political approach is to support these policies until they prove to be invalid. Then they will discard them to embrace more sensible policies. This strategy is highly workable because no one is held personally accountable for the "public opinion," which is changeable in nature and easily forgotten. With this in mind, people may wonder how many of the policies Obama and McCain are now advocating will eventually be abandoned.

  实际上，一些政客们目前与公众罢工的共鸣从长远上是行不通的。一切青睐这些政策的政客们实际上并不是真的相信它们，但是他们知道最明智的做法就是直到这些政策真正被证实是无用的时候他们才会放弃支持。之后他们就会丢下他们才寻找更好的政策。这种策略事实上非常的有效。因为没有人会由“民意”而被追究，它在本质上是多变的，而且是容易被遗忘的。有了这样的思想，人们就会想知道像奥巴马，麦克恩这样的政治家们倡导了哪么多的政策，有多少将会被放弃了。

  In the era of globalization, international cooperation is required to solve the global financial crisis. Unfortunately, there are no established rules for coordinating the economic policies of different countries. Coordination between countries hinges on their willingness to cooperate and their say in international affairs.

  在全球化的这个年代。国际合作对于解决全球的金融危机是非常重要的。不幸的是，我们没有建立一切规则来协调好不同国家经济政策。国家之间的协调取决于他们合作的意愿和在国际事物中的发言权。

  Since World War II, the United States has imposed "stabilization programs" featuring liberalization and fiscal stringency on crisis-ridden countries through the International Monetary Fund (IMF). These programs do not help address self-fulfilling crises originating in the financial sector at all. Instead, they often result in plummeting domestic demand and a worsening credit environment that aggravate the crisis. The Russian financial crisis in 1998 highlighted the shortcomings of the IMF's stabilization programs. "IMF recession" and "IMF turmoil" are commonplace in countries that accept the organization's assistance.

  从二战以来，美国就通过国际货币基金组织，对那些金融收到危机的国家实行“稳定计划”，内容上包括自由化和财政紧缩。这些计划根本就没有解决源于财政因素而导致的自我实现的危机。相反，它导致了国内需求的下降，信贷环境日益的严峻，更加剧了危机。俄罗斯在1998年的财政危机中就指明了IMF稳定政策的很多缺点。在那些接受组织援助的国家中就会经常发生“IMF萧条”和“IMF动乱”事件。

  U.S. backing is the prime reason the stabilization program has become an IMF mainstay. America's demand that developing countries maintain balanced budgets and give priority to private investment is an ironic contrast to its own efforts to increase public spending and seek fiscal expansion in the 19th century. The ongoing rescue efforts of the U.S. Government apparently run counter to the stabilization program, too. Unlike other countries, the United States, the only superpower in the world, is able to transfer its own crisis, or at least the costs of addressing it, to other parts of the world.

  美国政府的资助是国际货币基金组织稳定方案的主要支持，美国要求那些发展中国家维持平衡的预算优先考虑私人投资，这和他自己努力增加大众消费，在19世纪寻求财政的扩大的行为形成了鲜明的对比。现行美国政府的拯救措施也违反了稳定计划。和其他的国家不同，美国作为世界的超级大国，能够解决自己的危机，至少对于世界其他地区，他们有解决这场危机的成本。

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• Expectation~

  2008-10-17

  Each time when i feel tired ,i really wanna find someone who could chat with me without concerning.In fact i feel lucky because i never feel lonely~~Too many good friends are around me~
  Soul mate ,what a tempting word!Once one of my friend ask me what the expectation of your boyfriend."intimate partner~" .These two easy words always make me thinking what is the really meaning of intimate partner?Maybe we can share the same hobbies, characters,we have the same attitude towards the society,this world!And we both have the strong believing that the other is the the bird we are waiting for~
  Before, i am a girl who seemed to be a little childish,i do not like to  deeply thinking of one thing ,and always make it easy.That is why the one who was always got hurt is myself,then i try to make it change.Once one of my friend asked me the attitude towards the college life,ii was a pessimist,the words  also made her confused,at that time i have thought that i had hurt a soul.
  Now,having been though so many things , i have learnt that :
  I’ve learned… That we should be glad God doesn’t give us everything we ask for.
  I've learned… That to ignore the facts does not change the facts.
  I’ve learned… That the easiest way for me to grow as a person is to surround myself with people smarter than I am.
  I’ve learned… That everyone you meet deserves to be greeted with a smile.
  I’ve learned… That under everyone’s hard shell is someone who wants to be appreciated and loved.
  I’ve learned… That sometimes all a person needs is a hand to hold and a heart to understand.
  

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• Silence~what i wanna be ？

  2008-10-16

  Today,I am tired and I don`t feel well,

  I can barely see ,especially when giving the call to mom.

  I feel I have lost my way,

  I do not wanna deal and say anything……

  only with tears rolling in my eyes.

  ­

  But  I am still here…..

  ­

  Tomorrow I will find my way…

  Tomorrow I will not miss mom when i was down.

  Tomorrow I will continue to write that book

  Tomorrow I will fix that sink….

  Tomorrow I will call my friends…

  ­

  And I will not stay here longer…pursuit of my dream~~~

  ­

  ­

  Close my eyes ....thinking of it just for a minute

  just one minute...

  I will still be a girl who likes to pursuit of happiness~~

  Belinda~~o(∩_∩)o...

  ­

  ­

                                                                                                                                              sign off on this

                                                                                                                                                 Crazy girl

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